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CAZ charges14 MIN

ULEZ vs Clean Air Zones: Where Charges Apply and How the Rules Differ

London ULEZ and England’s Clean Air Zones are separate schemes. This guide explains their boundaries, vehicle classes, emissions rules, charges, exemptions and the official checks to use before driving.

By CarCody Team

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London’s Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) and England’s Clean Air Zones (CAZs) are separate schemes. ULEZ is operated by Transport for London (TfL) across every London borough, but not the M25. England’s CAZs are local authority schemes operating in seven places: Bath, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Portsmouth, Sheffield and Tyneside (Newcastle and Gateshead). Their boundaries, vehicle classes, exemptions and tariffs differ, so a vehicle that is free in one location can be chargeable in another.

The reliable way to establish liability is to identify every zone on your route, then enter the vehicle’s registration in the relevant official checker. Model year, fuel type or a general Euro-standard assumption is not a registration-level answer.

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What is the difference between ULEZ and a Clean Air Zone?

ULEZ is London’s own emissions scheme. TfL sets and operates it, including the boundary, standards, charge and London vehicle checker. The zone covers all London boroughs; the M25 motorway itself is outside the ULEZ boundary. Use TfL’s Ultra Low Emission Zone guidance for the current map, charge and checking links.

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A Clean Air Zone is an England-wide framework implemented through individual local schemes. The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) provides the framework and minimum standards, while each participating council defines its local boundary, exemptions and charges. GOV.UK lists seven current English CAZ locations. London’s ULEZ is not one of those seven CAZs.

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Scotland’s low-emission zones use a separate system and are outside this comparison.

Where each scheme applies

London ULEZ coverage

ULEZ extends across all London boroughs. It does not include the M25, even where the motorway passes close to the London boundary. A journey can therefore be outside ULEZ on the M25 but enter the zone after leaving the motorway. Check the actual street or postcode rather than relying on a London-wide assumption.

England’s seven Clean Air Zones

The current GOV.UK list names these zones:

CAZ Approximate area Local vehicle class
Bath 1.2 square miles Class C
Birmingham 2.96 square miles Class D
Bradford 9.35 square miles Class C
Bristol 1.18 square miles Class D
Portsmouth 1.16 square miles Class B
Sheffield 0.9 square miles Class C
Tyneside (Newcastle and Gateshead) 0.94 square miles Class C

The area figures are approximate descriptions on Defra’s page, last updated 12 February 2026. They are not substitutes for a boundary map: a short route can cross a zone, and a city’s wider urban area can extend well beyond the charging boundary. GOV.UK’s Drive in a clean air zone service provides the listed-zone maps and checker.

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Which vehicles can be charged?

ULEZ vehicle scope

TfL’s current ULEZ charge applies to a non-compliant, non-exempt applicable vehicle. The listed covered groups are cars, motorcycles, lighter vans and specialist vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes, plus minibuses up to 5 tonnes. Larger vehicles may instead fall under London’s separate Low Emission Zone (LEZ), which is a different scheme and tariff. The ULEZ page links to TfL’s vehicle-type standards and registration checker; use those tools for the exact result rather than inferring compliance from a vehicle’s age.

CAZ classes A to D

England’s CAZ class determines which vehicle groups a local zone is allowed to charge. The classes build on one another:

Class Vehicle groups covered by the framework
A Buses, coaches, taxis and private hire vehicles
B Class A vehicles plus heavy goods vehicles (HGVs)
C Class B vehicles plus vans and minibuses
D Class C vehicles plus cars; motorcycles may also be included

Portsmouth uses Class B, so its scheme does not generally charge ordinary cars under the class definition. Bath, Bradford, Sheffield and Tyneside use Class C, which adds vans and minibuses but not cars. Birmingham and Bristol use Class D, the class that can include cars and motorcycles. The individual vehicle must still meet the applicable emissions standard or exemption requirements.

What the classes mean in practice

A Class B zone can charge a bus, coach, taxi, private-hire vehicle or HGV, but the national class does not bring ordinary vans or cars into scope. Class C extends potential charging to vans and minibuses. Class D includes all Class C groups and can add cars and, where the local scheme includes them, motorcycles. A car driver therefore needs to distinguish Birmingham or Bristol from a Class C destination such as Bath or Sheffield.

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The class is only the first filter. A vehicle in an included group can still be free if it meets the relevant emissions standard or has a recognised exemption. Conversely, an included vehicle that fails the standard and has no exemption can be charged. The checker combines these factors with the registration record.

Emissions standards: useful guide, not a guaranteed answer

Defra’s framework gives national baseline standards for CAZs:

  • Buses, coaches and HGVs generally need Euro VI.
  • Cars, vans, minibuses and taxis generally need Euro 6 if diesel or Euro 4 if petrol.
  • Motorcycles generally need Euro 3 where a local authority has chosen Class D and includes them.

These are broad rules, not a promise that a particular registration will be accepted. The official classification can depend on type approval, tax class, seating, weight and other records. Motorhomes are included in the classification system and may not be treated like an ordinary car. Taxi and private-hire requirements can also be stricter or otherwise different under local rules.

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Do not use registration year as a proxy for Euro status. Two vehicles of a similar age can have different approved standards, and a converted van, motorhome or specialist vehicle can be classified differently from the model you expect. The CAZ framework’s Annex A explains the class definitions and classification qualifications; that annex was updated on 6 October 2022.

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TfL’s London standards are administered separately. The TfL summary directs drivers to the vehicle-type standards and checker rather than providing a single threshold table that can safely be applied to every registration. Treat a TfL checker result as authoritative for ULEZ.

How much do the charges cost?

London’s ULEZ charge

TfL lists a £12.50 daily charge for a non-compliant, non-exempt vehicle in the covered ULEZ categories. It is a daily amount, not a per-entry fee, but the charge applies for each charge day on which the vehicle is driven in the zone. Check TfL’s current page before travelling because the amount and payment arrangements are scheme-owned details.

CAZ charges are local

There is no single England-wide CAZ price. The class tells you which vehicle groups can be charged; the local authority sets the tariff for its zone and vehicle categories. The verified Bristol example is:

Bristol vehicle group Daily charge
Private cars, taxis and light goods vehicles £9 per day
HGVs, buses and coaches £100 per day

Those rates are Bristol’s rates, not a guide to Bath, Birmingham, Bradford, Portsmouth, Sheffield or Tyneside. Consult the relevant council tariff for every zone on your trip. Bristol publishes its current payment information at Pay Bristol’s Clean Air Zone daily charge.

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Why a cost comparison can be misleading

Comparing £12.50 with Bristol’s £9 is not a universal ULEZ-versus-CAZ price comparison. ULEZ has a TfL-set amount for its listed vehicle groups, while a CAZ tariff can vary by vehicle category within one city and from one council to another. An HGV in Bristol, for example, has a published £100 daily rate, while a private car has a £9 rate. The same vehicle may fall under a different class or a separate London LEZ arrangement elsewhere.

Before budgeting, identify the vehicle category, the exact zone and the number of charge days. A return trip on separate calendar days can cost twice a single-day rate, even if it is one continuous travel plan.

When does a charge day start and end?

English CAZ charging uses a midnight-to-midnight charge day. The zones operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week, every day of the year. If the same journey enters a CAZ before midnight and remains in or re-enters it after midnight, it can create two charge days and therefore two charges. Birmingham’s council guidance illustrates this midnight-spanning situation; its local explanation is available at A clean air zone for Birmingham.

For English CAZs, payment can generally be made up to six days before entry or by 11:59pm on the sixth day after entry. Keep the entry date and registration details accurate. A payment made for the wrong date or vehicle does not remove liability for the actual charge day.

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ULEZ has its own TfL payment and enforcement arrangements. Follow the date and deadline shown by TfL rather than applying the CAZ payment window automatically.

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How exemptions affect the result

Exemptions are not a single nationwide pass. Defra guidance identifies national and local categories that can include ultra-low-emission vehicles, vehicles in a disabled tax class, military vehicles, historic vehicles, certain agricultural vehicles and qualifying vehicles retrofitted through the Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme (CVRAS). Whether an exemption applies depends on the scheme, the vehicle record and any local conditions.

Check the exemption as part of the registration search, not as a separate assumption. A vehicle that is exempt in one local authority’s system may not have the same treatment in London or another CAZ. The relevant authority can also require evidence or a recorded status before the exemption is recognised. If the vehicle is hired, leased, newly bought or recently converted, confirm that the registration database reflects the current category.

How to check a planned journey

  1. Map the complete route. List every London section and every English CAZ location you might enter. A destination city does not prove that the route crosses its charging boundary, and a bypass can still pass through a zone.
  2. Open the official map. Use TfL’s ULEZ postcode or boundary checker for London and the GOV.UK CAZ map for the English zones. Check the exact road, not just a nearby postcode.
  3. Enter the actual registration. Use TfL’s vehicle checker for ULEZ. For the listed English CAZs, use the GOV.UK registration service, which reports charge liability, provides payment and displays maps. The GOV.UK service states that it cannot check vehicles registered outside the UK.
  4. Review the vehicle category. Pay particular attention to vans, motorhomes, minibuses, taxis, private-hire vehicles, specialist vehicles and vehicles with unusual tax or seating classifications. Do not substitute a model-year or fuel-type guess for the checker result.
  5. Check exemptions for each zone. Exemptions can include national and local categories such as ultra-low-emission vehicles, vehicles in a disabled tax class, military vehicles, historic vehicles, certain agricultural vehicles and qualifying CVRAS-retrofitted vehicles. An exemption recorded for one scheme does not automatically transfer to another.
  6. Save the result and tariff. Keep a screenshot or note of the checker outcome, the applicable date and the local authority’s charge page, especially if travelling in a hired, leased or recently purchased vehicle.
  7. Pay by the scheme’s deadline. For an English CAZ, use the midnight-to-midnight date and the six-day payment window. For London, use TfL’s payment route and deadline.

Foreign registrations and vehicles with unusual records

The GOV.UK English CAZ service cannot check vehicles registered outside the UK. An overseas driver should contact the relevant local authority and follow its instructions rather than relying on a UK model equivalent or a foreign emissions document. The same caution applies to imported vehicles, conversions and vehicles whose tax class or body type has changed.

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For UK vehicles, the registration checker is still the preferred route even where the owner knows the manufacturer’s stated Euro rating. A motorhome, specialist vehicle or converted van may be classified using records that are not obvious from its outward appearance. Taxi and private-hire operators should also check local licensing requirements in addition to the emissions result.

Why an aftermarket device is not the answer

The official registration and boundary services are the direct way to establish charge liability. A diagnostic scanner, navigation product or retrofit component cannot replace the authority’s recorded classification, exemption status or local tariff. A retrofit may qualify only when it meets the relevant accreditation and recording requirements, so fitting a part does not automatically make a vehicle exempt. Check the authority’s rules before spending money on equipment or a vehicle change.

Common mistakes that lead to unexpected charges

Assuming ULEZ is an English CAZ

London’s ULEZ and the seven English CAZs are not interchangeable. They have different operators, checkers, classes and tariffs. A vehicle’s result in Birmingham or Bristol says nothing about its ULEZ status.

Assuming every CAZ charges cars

Cars can be included in Class D zones, such as Birmingham and Bristol. Class B and Class C zones do not automatically charge ordinary cars under the national class definition. The vehicle must also fail the relevant standard and lack an applicable exemption.

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Treating the M25 as part of ULEZ

The M25 is excluded from ULEZ. Drivers can still enter the zone after leaving the motorway, so check the roads immediately before and after the M25 rather than treating the whole orbital route as either inside or outside.

Using a Euro-standard shortcut

Euro 6 diesel or Euro 4 petrol is a useful CAZ baseline, but it is not a substitute for the registration service. Vehicle category, type approval, tax class and local rules can change the outcome. London has its own standards and checker.

Paying once for a journey that crosses midnight

A CAZ charge is tied to the calendar day from midnight to midnight. A late-night arrival followed by post-midnight driving can involve two charge days. Plan payment by date, not by the number of times you think you crossed the boundary.

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Assuming an exemption follows the vehicle everywhere

National and local exemptions are not identical across schemes. Confirm that the exemption is recorded for the actual registration and applies in the specific zone and vehicle category.

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Paying the wrong council

Using a generic search result or an old payment page can lead to the wrong tariff or date. Start with the GOV.UK service for the supported English zones, then follow the linked local authority information. For London, use TfL rather than a CAZ payment route.

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Which official service should you use?

Trip or question Use this service
London boundary, postcode or ULEZ vehicle TfL Ultra Low Emission Zone guidance and checkers
Bath, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Portsmouth, Sheffield or Tyneside GOV.UK Drive in a clean air zone
CAZ class definitions and baseline standards Defra Annex A
Bristol tariff and payment timing Bristol City Council payment page

For a UK-registered vehicle, the GOV.UK CAZ service can check liability and offer payment for the supported English zones. It cannot check foreign-registered vehicles, so an overseas driver should consult the relevant local authority directly. The GOV.UK guidance also provides links to local maps and scheme information.

Worked route-planning examples

London-only trip: A car that fails the ULEZ standard may incur £12.50 for each day it is driven within the ULEZ. Driving on the M25 alone does not create ULEZ liability, but leaving the motorway onto a London borough road can do so.

Bristol visit: First establish whether the route enters Bristol’s Class D boundary. Then check the registration and tariff. A chargeable private car, taxi or light goods vehicle is listed at £9 per day; a chargeable HGV, bus or coach is listed at £100 per day. Those figures apply to Bristol only.

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Bath or Sheffield in a car: Both are listed as Class C. The class does not add ordinary cars to the national charging scope, although the driver should still check the route, vehicle record and any local rule rather than relying on the city label.

Late-night delivery: If an HGV enters a CAZ before midnight and continues after midnight, the operator should plan for two charge days where both dates involve driving in the zone. Payment timing must be matched to each date.

What the comparison means for drivers

ULEZ is geographically broad but specific to London: all boroughs, excluding the M25, with a TfL-set daily charge for covered non-compliant vehicles. England’s CAZs are geographically smaller, locally defined zones whose charging reach depends first on class B, C or D and then on the vehicle’s standards and exemptions.

For a car driver, the practical distinction is especially important. A car may be outside the charging scope of a Class B or C CAZ but chargeable in a Class D zone. The same car may also be chargeable in London under ULEZ. For a van, minibus, taxi, coach or HGV, both the local class and the vehicle’s recorded category matter. There is no dependable shortcut based only on fuel, age or the name of the city.

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Before every affected trip, check the route boundary, registration, local class, exemption record, tariff and charge-day deadline. Those five checks are more reliable than a general statement that a vehicle is Euro compliant or that a destination is inside the city.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Is London ULEZ one of England’s Clean Air Zones?

No. TfL operates ULEZ separately from the seven English CAZs listed by GOV.UK. Use TfL’s checker for London and the GOV.UK service for Bath, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Portsmouth, Sheffield and Tyneside.

Does the M25 fall inside ULEZ?

No. The M25 is outside the ULEZ boundary. You can still enter ULEZ after leaving the motorway, so check the exact connecting road.

Are cars charged in every CAZ?

No. Cars can be included in Class D zones such as Birmingham and Bristol. Class B and Class C zones do not automatically include ordinary cars under the national class definition.

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What Euro standard does a diesel car usually need for a CAZ?

The usual national baseline is Euro 6 for diesel cars, vans, minibuses and taxis. It is only a guide; the official registration checker remains decisive because vehicle category and local rules can affect the result.

How much is the ULEZ charge?

TfL lists £12.50 per day for a non-compliant, non-exempt vehicle in the covered ULEZ categories. Check TfL for current payment arrangements.

How much does a Bristol CAZ charge?

Bristol lists £9 per day for private cars, taxis and light goods vehicles, and £100 per day for HGVs, buses and coaches. These are Bristol rates and should not be applied to other CAZs.

Can one CAZ payment cover driving across midnight?

Not necessarily. English CAZ charge days run from midnight to midnight, so driving before and after midnight can create two charge days and two charges.

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Can the GOV.UK CAZ checker check a foreign-registered vehicle?

No. GOV.UK states that its service cannot check vehicles registered outside the UK. Contact the relevant local authority for instructions.

Do CAZ exemptions transfer automatically to ULEZ?

No. Exemptions and records can differ between schemes. Confirm the exemption for the actual registration, vehicle category and zone.

The Bottom Line

Bottom line: ULEZ and England’s CAZs are separate systems. ULEZ covers London boroughs but excludes the M25 and lists a £12.50 daily charge for covered non-compliant vehicles. English CAZs use local Class B, C or D rules, local boundaries and local tariffs. Map the route, check the exact registration through the official service, confirm exemptions and pay for every applicable midnight-to-midnight charge day.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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CAZ chargesClean Air ZonesLondon drivingULEZvehicle emissions

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