Mazda didn’t confirm a bigger engine and a retained manual gearbox by accident, and it didn’t do it quietly either. This was a calculated move, made at a moment when the sports car world is drowning in downsizing, electrification, and the slow erosion of driver choice. By breaking cover now, Mazda is drawing a clear line between the Miata and nearly everything else wearing a performance badge.
Why Mazda Spoke Up Now
The timing matters. Global emissions regulations are tightening, safety requirements are adding mass, and competitors are either abandoning manuals or softening their sports cars into lifestyle products. Mazda understands that silence breeds speculation, and speculation around the Miata has been trending in the wrong direction for years.
Rather than let enthusiasts assume the next Miata would be turbocharged, hybrid-only, or worse, automatic-only, Mazda chose to confirm the core philosophy early. This wasn’t a full technical reveal, but it was a reassurance shot straight to the heart of the enthusiast community.
What Mazda Actually Confirmed
Mazda officials have stated, clearly and without corporate hedging, that the next-generation Miata will use a larger-displacement engine than the current ND’s 2.0-liter unit. Just as critical, they confirmed that a manual gearbox will continue to be offered, not as a niche trim but as a foundational part of the car’s identity.
This is not marketing fluff. In an era where manuals are often framed as “heritage features,” Mazda framed the gearbox as essential to the Miata’s purpose. That distinction matters, because it signals engineering decisions were made around the manual, not in spite of it.
The Engineering and Regulatory Reality Behind the Bigger Engine
A larger engine does not automatically mean more power for power’s sake. Emissions and noise regulations increasingly penalize small engines that need to work hard, rev high, or rely on aggressive cam profiles to make acceptable performance. A slightly larger displacement allows lower specific output, reduced stress, and cleaner real-world emissions without resorting to turbocharging.
For the Miata, this likely means more torque across the midrange rather than a dramatic HP spike. That’s critical for maintaining throttle response, linearity, and predictable chassis balance, all core to the Miata’s driving feel.
How This Aligns With Mazda’s Driving Philosophy
Mazda has spent decades preaching Jinba Ittai, the idea of horse and rider moving as one. In practical terms, that means low mass, natural engine response, and direct mechanical controls. A naturally aspirated larger engine paired with a manual transmission fits that philosophy far better than a boosted or electrified alternative.
Expect Mazda to prioritize response over headline numbers. That means careful attention to rotating mass, gearing, and clutch feel, even if it means resisting the temptation to chase class-leading acceleration figures.
What Enthusiasts Should Realistically Expect
Don’t expect the Miata to suddenly chase 300 HP. Expect modest gains in torque, improved drivability at sane road speeds, and gearing that better matches real-world use. Weight will be fought aggressively, but safety and regulatory demands mean the next Miata will likely be slightly heavier, making torque delivery even more important.
Market positioning will remain clear. The Miata is not trying to outgun the GR86 or muscle into hot hatch territory. Mazda is doubling down on being the purest, most mechanically honest affordable sports car still on sale, and this early confirmation is Mazda telling enthusiasts that the soul of the Miata is not up for negotiation.
The Bigger Engine Explained: Displacement, Power Targets, and Why Mazda Is Moving Up
With Mazda confirming a larger engine for the next-generation Miata, the conversation naturally shifts from philosophy to hardware. This isn’t about chasing trends or silencing critics. It’s a calculated move rooted in emissions compliance, drivability, and preserving the Miata’s defining character in a tougher regulatory environment.
Likely Displacement: Why 2.5 Liters Makes Sense
While Mazda hasn’t published final specifications, all signs point toward a naturally aspirated 2.5-liter four-cylinder. Mazda already builds an exceptionally refined 2.5L Skyactiv-G, and its existing calibration headroom makes it a logical starting point for Miata duty.
Moving from roughly 2.0 liters to 2.5 isn’t about brute force. It’s about achieving the same or slightly better performance with less strain, lower rev dependence, and cleaner emissions. That matters when global regulations increasingly punish high-revving, small-displacement engines in real-world testing.
Power Targets: Torque Over Top-End Theater
Expect power figures to land somewhere in the 190–210 HP range, depending on market and emissions tuning. That’s not a massive jump on paper, but the real story will be torque, likely climbing into the low-to-mid 190 lb-ft range.
More torque at lower and mid-range RPMs means fewer downshifts, stronger corner exits, and better flexibility on real roads. For a lightweight rear-drive chassis, that kind of torque delivery transforms how usable the car feels without diluting its playful nature.
Why Bigger Can Be Cleaner and More Efficient
Counterintuitive as it sounds, a larger engine can be easier to certify. By spreading the workload across more displacement, Mazda can run milder cam timing, lower peak cylinder pressures, and reduced frictional losses at cruise.
The result is an engine that doesn’t need to scream to make progress. That reduces noise output, improves fuel efficiency in everyday driving, and keeps Mazda out of turbocharging territory, which brings cost, heat management, and response compromises the Miata has always avoided.
Engineering for Feel, Not Just Numbers
Mazda engineers obsess over rotating mass, throttle mapping, and flywheel inertia. A larger engine gives them more freedom to tune response and smoothness without relying on aggressive tuning tricks.
Paired with a confirmed manual gearbox, this setup allows Mazda to tailor gear ratios around torque rather than peak horsepower. Expect longer, more usable gears and an engine that pulls cleanly from low RPM, reinforcing that sense of mechanical connection Miata drivers demand.
Impact on Weight, Balance, and Market Positioning
Yes, a larger engine risks added mass, but Mazda is acutely aware of the Miata’s sensitivity to weight distribution. Expect extensive use of aluminum components and careful packaging to keep weight gain minimal and centralized.
This keeps the Miata firmly in its own lane. It won’t chase the GR86 on outright speed or attempt to blur into hot hatch territory. Instead, Mazda is reinforcing the Miata’s role as the most tactile, naturally responsive affordable sports car available, even as regulations tighten and competitors drift toward complexity.
Keeping It Real: How the Manual Gearbox Fits Mazda’s Driver-First Philosophy
The decision to retain a manual gearbox isn’t nostalgia. It’s a deliberate extension of everything Mazda just did with the engine. A broader torque curve only matters if the driver is the one deciding how and when to use it, and that control loop is central to Mazda’s definition of driver engagement.
The Manual as a Calibration Tool, Not a Checkbox
Mazda doesn’t treat the manual as an optional enthusiast perk. It’s engineered as a core interface, influencing throttle mapping, clutch take-up, and flywheel mass. With more displacement and usable torque, Mazda can tune the clutch for progressive engagement rather than abrupt bite, making low-speed modulation cleaner and more intuitive.
This is where the Miata separates itself from competitors that offer manuals but calibrate them around emissions compliance first and feel second. The gearbox isn’t fighting the engine’s characteristics; it’s matched to them.
Why a Manual Still Makes Regulatory Sense
Retaining a manual also gives Mazda engineering flexibility under tightening emissions rules. Manuals allow more predictable load control, especially in transient driving, which helps meet real-world emissions targets without resorting to aggressive electronic intervention.
A naturally aspirated engine paired with a manual avoids the complexity of managing turbo boost, heat cycles, and particulate filters under rapid load changes. That simplicity isn’t just philosophical, it’s practical, and it preserves throttle fidelity that would otherwise be filtered through software.
Real-World Performance Over Spec Sheet Theater
Don’t expect headline-grabbing acceleration figures. Expect consistency. The manual gearbox allows Mazda to space ratios wider without making the car feel lazy, thanks to the added mid-range torque.
That translates to fewer shifts on back roads, more stability mid-corner, and better balance when driving at eight-tenths, where the Miata has always lived best. It’s performance you can access without a racetrack or launch control.
What Enthusiasts Should Actually Expect
The future Miata won’t suddenly feel grown-up or dulled. If anything, the manual gearbox becomes more important as power creeps up and regulations close in. Weight will remain tightly controlled, shift feel will stay mechanical rather than rubbery, and driver input will continue to define the experience.
Mazda isn’t chasing lap times or algorithms. By pairing a larger, more flexible engine with a manual transmission, they’re reinforcing a simple truth: the Miata evolves by protecting the conversation between car and driver, not replacing it.
Regulations, Emissions, and Reality: The Technical Pressures Shaping the Next Miata
The decision to increase engine displacement while keeping a manual gearbox isn’t nostalgia. It’s Mazda responding rationally to a tightening regulatory environment that increasingly punishes small, high-strung engines and rewards efficiency achieved through torque, not boost.
Global emissions standards are no longer written around steady-state lab tests alone. Real Driving Emissions cycles, particulate limits, and durability requirements now scrutinize how engines behave under transient loads, cold starts, and repeated heat cycles. For a lightweight sports car, those constraints fundamentally change the engineering equation.
Why Small Engines Are Getting Harder to Justify
Historically, the Miata’s modest displacement was its greatest ally. Less mass, less friction, and less fuel consumption made compliance straightforward. Today, those same small engines must work harder to meet performance expectations, which drives higher RPM operation, richer mixtures, and more particulate output.
Increasing displacement allows the engine to produce the same real-world performance at lower stress levels. That means reduced pumping losses, less reliance on aggressive cam timing, and more stable combustion across the rev range. From an emissions standpoint, that’s a win hiding in plain sight.
Naturally Aspirated Torque as an Emissions Strategy
Mazda’s resistance to turbocharging the Miata isn’t stubbornness. Turbo engines introduce heat management challenges, transient enrichment, and particulate filter demands that clash with the car’s weight and packaging priorities. Meeting emissions under those conditions often requires software intervention that blunts throttle response.
A larger naturally aspirated engine delivers torque earlier and more predictably. That lets Mazda calibrate the engine to operate in cleaner, more efficient zones during everyday driving. The result is fewer spikes in emissions during real-world use and a more linear, trustworthy throttle for the driver.
Manual Transmissions in a Regulated World
From a regulatory perspective, manuals are no longer the liability they once were. Modern testing accounts for driver behavior variability, and a well-calibrated manual can actually reduce emissions during transient operation by avoiding unnecessary torque spikes and gear hunting.
For Mazda, the manual gearbox simplifies compliance. It reduces thermal load on the drivetrain, limits the need for aggressive torque management, and allows engineers to prioritize mechanical efficiency over electronic correction. That’s a rare alignment of regulatory necessity and enthusiast desire.
Weight, Safety, and the Hard Limits of Modern Cars
Regulations don’t just target emissions. Crash standards, pedestrian impact requirements, and electronic safety mandates add mass whether engineers like it or not. Mazda’s challenge isn’t avoiding weight gain, it’s offsetting it intelligently.
A slightly larger engine can paradoxically help here. By reducing the need for heavy forced-induction hardware and complex cooling systems, Mazda can better manage overall vehicle mass. Expect incremental gains, not miracles, but also expect the Miata to remain one of the lightest cars in its class.
Market Positioning Without Compromise
Mazda understands the Miata doesn’t win on paper. It wins by feeling alive at legal speeds and rewarding skill rather than electronics. The regulatory path they’re choosing protects that identity while keeping the car viable in markets that are increasingly hostile to enthusiast vehicles.
The next Miata isn’t an act of defiance against regulation. It’s an intelligent adaptation to it, using displacement, mechanical simplicity, and driver involvement as tools for survival. For enthusiasts, that means the car remains honest, engaging, and refreshingly unfiltered in a world that’s rapidly moving the other way.
Performance vs. Weight: What Enthusiasts Should Expect on Acceleration, Balance, and Feel
Mazda’s decision to pair a larger-displacement engine with a manual gearbox isn’t about chasing numbers. It’s about reshaping how performance is delivered, especially as weight inevitably creeps upward. The result should be a Miata that feels stronger everywhere without betraying its lightweight soul.
Acceleration: More Torque Where It Actually Matters
A bigger engine doesn’t just mean more peak horsepower, and that distinction matters. Expect a noticeable bump in low- and mid-range torque, the kind you feel pulling out of a corner or merging onto a highway, not just at redline. That torque allows the car to accelerate cleanly without relying on short gearing or constant downshifts.
For real-world driving, this is a win. The Miata has always been quick enough, but the next car should feel less strained and more confident when driven briskly. Think smoother, more immediate response rather than a dramatic change in 0–60 bragging rights.
Weight Management: The Art of Mitigation, Not Elimination
The hard truth is that the next Miata will be heavier than its predecessor. Safety structures, electronic systems, and emissions hardware make that unavoidable. Mazda’s strategy is to ensure any weight gain is countered by usable performance rather than masked by software.
By avoiding turbocharging and its associated plumbing, cooling, and reinforcement, Mazda limits mass growth where it hurts most. The added displacement can simplify the powertrain, keeping weight centralized and preserving the Miata’s famously low polar moment of inertia.
Balance and Chassis Dynamics: Still a Driver’s Car First
Balance has always defined the Miata more than outright speed. A slightly heavier engine doesn’t automatically ruin that equation if it’s compact, naturally aspirated, and mounted low and rearward. Mazda’s chassis tuning philosophy prioritizes neutrality and predictability, not artificial sharpness.
Expect suspension calibration that leans into mechanical grip rather than aggressive damping. Steering feel should remain light, detailed, and talkative, with the front end communicating load changes clearly. That’s the difference between a car that’s fast and a car that teaches you how to drive it faster.
Driving Feel: Mechanical Honesty Over Digital Drama
This is where the manual gearbox and larger engine truly intersect. More torque means fewer shifts under normal driving, but when you do shift, it matters. Each gear change becomes a deliberate action, reinforcing the connection between driver, drivetrain, and road.
Mazda isn’t chasing the hyper-responsive, electronically amplified feel of modern performance cars. Instead, the next Miata should deliver progressive throttle response, linear power build, and feedback that flows through the seat and steering wheel rather than a screen. For enthusiasts, that’s not a compromise. It’s the entire point.
How This Next-Gen Miata Fits Into Mazda’s Broader Sports Car Strategy
Seen in this context, the bigger engine and retained manual aren’t isolated decisions. They’re a deliberate statement about where Mazda believes authentic sports cars still matter, even as the industry pivots toward electrification and automation. The Miata remains Mazda’s philosophical anchor, and every powertrain choice reflects that role.
The Miata as Mazda’s Engineering North Star
Mazda has long treated the Miata as more than a product; it’s a rolling manifesto. Lessons learned from its chassis tuning, powertrain calibration, and human-machine interface influence everything from the Mazda3 to the CX-90. Keeping the Miata mechanically honest ensures the brand’s performance DNA doesn’t erode under regulatory and market pressure.
A larger naturally aspirated engine fits this role perfectly. It preserves throttle fidelity and driver intuition, traits Mazda prioritizes across its lineup. In an era of synthetic feel, the Miata remains the benchmark Mazda engineers calibrate against.
Why Mazda Is Resisting Turbocharging and Downsizing
From a regulatory standpoint, larger-displacement naturally aspirated engines aren’t the obvious choice. However, emissions compliance isn’t just about peak output or displacement; it’s about real-world drivability and calibration stability. A modestly larger engine operating under less stress can meet modern standards without relying on aggressive boost, enrichment, or complex thermal management.
For enthusiasts, this matters because it preserves consistency. Throttle response remains linear, heat management is simpler, and long-term durability improves. Mazda is choosing an engine that behaves predictably lap after lap, not one that wins spec-sheet arguments.
Manual Transmission as a Strategic Filter, Not a Sales Play
Retaining a manual gearbox is not about volume. Mazda understands that the Miata’s audience is self-selecting, and that’s exactly the point. The manual acts as a filter, ensuring the car attracts drivers who value engagement over convenience.
This also simplifies integration with future electrified components. By keeping the core driving interface mechanical, Mazda avoids layering digital complexity on top of a car that thrives on clarity. The result is a sports car that feels cohesive rather than compromised.
Market Positioning: The Miata’s Role in a Changing Sports Car Landscape
As rivals grow heavier, faster, and more expensive, the Miata is doubling down on its niche. It won’t chase horsepower wars or Nürburgring lap times. Instead, it occupies a shrinking but vital space where light weight, modest power, and driver skill still matter.
Expect performance gains that enhance usability rather than transform character. Slightly quicker acceleration, stronger midrange torque, and the same playful balance that defines the nameplate. In Mazda’s broader strategy, the Miata isn’t evolving to survive the market. It’s evolving to protect what the market is losing.
What Stays Sacred: Steering, Chassis Tuning, and the Core Miata Driving Experience
If the larger engine and retained manual are the headline changes, this is the fine print that matters more. Mazda’s engineers are adamant that the Miata’s soul is not defined by output figures, but by how information flows from the road to the driver. That philosophy doesn’t bend just because regulations, markets, or competitors do.
Steering Feel Over Specs, Every Time
Electric power steering is here to stay, but Mazda continues to tune it with an almost obsessive focus on feedback. The goal isn’t artificially heavy weighting or rack quickness for its own sake; it’s clarity around the on-center position and transparency as lateral load builds. You should feel front tire slip angle developing through your palms, not just see it happening on the road.
A slightly larger engine actually helps here. With more torque available at lower RPM, the driver isn’t forced to chase revs mid-corner, allowing smoother steering inputs and better balance. The steering doesn’t exist in isolation; it works in harmony with power delivery, and Mazda is acutely aware of that relationship.
Chassis Tuning That Prioritizes Balance, Not Grip Numbers
Expect incremental evolution, not reinvention, of the Miata’s lightweight rear-drive platform. Mazda will likely reinforce key structural points to manage the added torque while keeping mass growth minimal and centralized. This preserves the car’s low polar moment of inertia, which is why Miatas feel eager to rotate without feeling nervous.
Suspension tuning will continue to favor compliance over outright stiffness. That means maintaining wheel control over imperfect pavement rather than chasing skidpad figures. The payoff is confidence at the limit, where the car communicates early and clearly, inviting the driver to explore rather than punishing small mistakes.
Weight Discipline as a Philosophical Constant
Even with a larger-displacement engine and modern safety requirements, weight remains Mazda’s quiet obsession. Engineers are more likely to spend effort shaving grams from ancillary components than adding features that dilute the experience. Every kilogram saved improves braking, turn-in, and ride quality simultaneously.
Enthusiasts should temper expectations of dramatic performance leaps. This isn’t about transforming the Miata into something faster in a straight line; it’s about preserving its immediacy. The car should still feel light on its feet, responsive at sane speeds, and alive on a winding back road.
The Human-Machine Interface Remains Untouched
Perhaps most importantly, Mazda is protecting how the Miata makes drivers feel behind the wheel. Pedal placement, shifter throw, steering wheel diameter, and seating position are treated as core hardware, not afterthoughts. These are the touchpoints that define trust between car and driver.
The confirmation of a bigger engine and manual gearbox reinforces this commitment rather than contradicting it. Mazda isn’t chasing relevance through novelty. It’s reinforcing the fundamentals that made the Miata matter in the first place, ensuring that even as the industry shifts, the act of driving one remains unmistakably pure.
Market Positioning and Rivals: Where the New Miata Lands in a Changing Sports Car Landscape
The confirmation of a larger engine and retained manual gearbox doesn’t just shape how the next Miata will drive; it defines where it sits in a market that’s steadily abandoning driver-first priorities. As powertrains grow more complex and curb weights balloon, Mazda is carving out a shrinking but fiercely loyal niche. The Miata remains the rare sports car engineered around feel first, numbers second.
This positioning is no accident. Regulatory pressure and market trends have forced most manufacturers to chase either outright performance or electrified efficiency. Mazda’s response is to double down on engagement, accepting modest gains where necessary while protecting the core experience that separates the Miata from everything else.
Against Its Closest Philosophical Rivals
The Toyota GR86 and Subaru BRZ remain the Miata’s most direct ideological competitors. They offer more power and rear seats in theory, but also carry more mass and a different dynamic character. Where the twins lean toward neutral balance and higher limits, the Miata prioritizes immediacy, steering delicacy, and open-top intimacy.
A larger-displacement Miata engine helps close the torque gap without chasing the GR86’s outright output. More importantly, it ensures real-world drivability, especially at part throttle, where the Mazda’s lighter mass and shorter gearing can still make it feel quicker than the spec sheet suggests.
The Sports Car Market Is Moving Upmarket
Look beyond the entry-level segment and the shift is stark. Cars like the Porsche 718 Cayman and Boxster have climbed dramatically in price and complexity, while manual gearboxes are disappearing from order sheets. Even BMW’s Z4 has largely leaned into automatic-only, high-output configurations aimed at a different buyer entirely.
In that context, the Miata becomes less a budget alternative and more a philosophical outlier. It’s the last affordable, rear-drive, naturally aspirated sports car with a manual gearbox developed by a major manufacturer. The larger engine isn’t about chasing premium rivals; it’s about keeping pace with emissions requirements while preserving character.
Regulations, Reality, and Why Size Matters
Emissions and noise regulations are a major driver behind the move to a bigger engine. A larger displacement allows Mazda to make the required torque at lower RPM, reducing the need for aggressive cam profiles or high-rev strategies that are increasingly hard to certify. This improves efficiency in real-world driving while maintaining the linear throttle response enthusiasts expect.
Crucially, this approach aligns with Mazda’s broader Skyactiv philosophy. Rather than turbocharging or hybridizing the Miata, Mazda is choosing mechanical simplicity and natural response. For purists, that’s a meaningful distinction, even if it means accepting incremental rather than dramatic performance gains.
What Enthusiasts Should Expect on the Road
In practical terms, the next Miata should feel more relaxed without feeling dulled. Expect stronger midrange torque, fewer downshifts in daily driving, and better flexibility on track without chasing higher redlines. Weight will creep up slightly, but careful mass centralization should preserve the car’s trademark balance.
Market-wise, this Miata won’t compete on lap times or horsepower bragging rights. It will continue to compete on something harder to quantify: trust, transparency, and joy per mile. In a landscape increasingly defined by screens, assist systems, and synthesized sound, Mazda is betting there’s still value in a car that speaks fluently through the steering wheel and shifter alone.
The Big Question for Purists: Is This Still a True Miata—and Why the Answer Matters
Whenever Mazda talks about more displacement, the purist alarm bells ring. Bigger engine often gets misread as mission creep, the first step toward weight gain, dulled responses, and a loss of that elemental feel that defines the Miata experience. So the question isn’t just whether the next Miata is faster or more powerful—it’s whether it still adheres to the philosophy that made the car an icon.
That question matters because the Miata has never been about numbers. It’s about intent. Change the intent, and you don’t just alter a spec sheet—you risk breaking a 35-year covenant with drivers who value connection over outright speed.
What Actually Defines a “True” Miata
At its core, a Miata is defined by light weight, rear-wheel drive, natural engine response, and a manual gearbox that prioritizes feel over brute strength. It’s about balance, not excess—enough power to exploit the chassis, not overwhelm it. Those fundamentals are non-negotiable for enthusiasts, and Mazda knows it.
The confirmation of a larger naturally aspirated engine paired with a manual transmission directly supports that definition rather than undermining it. This isn’t Mazda chasing turbo torque curves or electrified complexity. It’s Mazda preserving mechanical honesty in an era where that honesty is disappearing.
Why a Bigger Engine Doesn’t Mean a Bigger Problem
From an engineering standpoint, increased displacement is a defensive move, not an indulgent one. Emissions regulations increasingly penalize high-revving, small-displacement engines that rely on aggressive tuning to make usable torque. A slightly larger engine can meet those standards while operating in a more efficient, less stressed window.
For drivers, that translates to stronger low- and mid-range torque without sacrificing throttle linearity. You get smoother power delivery, better drivability at sane road speeds, and fewer compromises in sound and response. That’s not dilution—that’s refinement with purpose.
The Manual Gearbox as a Line in the Sand
The retained manual transmission is arguably the most important confirmation Mazda has made. In today’s market, a manual is no longer a default choice—it’s a deliberate statement. Mazda could have justified an automatic-only strategy on efficiency, cost, or market demand grounds, but chose not to.
That decision reinforces the Miata’s role as a driver-first machine. The gearbox remains a tactile interface, not a nostalgic checkbox. For purists, it signals that Mazda still prioritizes involvement over convenience, even when the industry trend points the other way.
What Enthusiasts Should Realistically Expect
Performance gains will be incremental, not explosive. Expect modest horsepower increases, more usable torque, and improved flexibility rather than dramatic straight-line speed. Weight will rise slightly, but not enough to fundamentally alter the car’s dynamics if Mazda continues its focus on mass centralization and suspension tuning.
Most importantly, the driving feel should remain intact. Steering feedback, chassis balance, and that sense of intimacy between car and driver are where the Miata wins its arguments. As long as those traits survive—and all signs suggest they will—the car’s soul remains very much alive.
Bottom Line: Evolution Without Betrayal
So, is this still a true Miata? Yes—because Mazda is evolving the car to survive modern realities without abandoning its core values. The larger engine and retained manual aren’t concessions to market pressure; they’re strategic choices to protect what matters most.
In a segment increasingly defined by automation and excess, the Miata continues to stand for restraint, clarity, and joy. That’s why this answer matters. Not just for purists, but for anyone who still believes driving should feel like participation, not passive consumption.
