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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteNever treat a car’s exterior display as permission to cross. A screen or light can report what the vehicle is doing, or what its system intends to do, but it cannot show that every lane is clear. Wait until the vehicle has fully stopped, make eye contact when possible, scan the entire crossing—including traffic hidden by the vehicle—and decide for yourself. Current exterior human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) are largely experimental, and no single message has been proven to prevent crashes.
What an exterior display can—and cannot—tell you
An exterior display may be mounted in the grille, bumper, windscreen area, license-plate surround, roof module, or another visible part of a vehicle. Depending on its programming, it might show a word, arrow, icon, color, animation, or countdown. The important question is not what the display looks like, but what claim it is making.
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| Message category | Possible example | What it actually communicates | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle state | Brake lights, a stopped symbol, or an indicator that the vehicle is stationary | A condition of that vehicle at that moment | That another driver has stopped, or that the pedestrian’s complete path is clear |
| Vehicle intention | “Yield,” “Walk,” or an arrow suggesting the vehicle will wait | The vehicle’s declared plan or automated system decision | That the plan will never change, or that traffic in an adjacent lane is safe |
| Crossing guarantee | A message implying “safe to cross” or “all clear” | Only a claim made by the interface | A reliable view of every lane, cyclist, driver, or hidden vehicle |
This distinction matters because a vehicle can accurately report its own state while giving an incomplete picture of the road. A car that is yielding may block your view of a second car approaching in the next lane. The first display can be truthful and still leave you in danger.
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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsColors and symbols are not automatically universal. A green light, a walking figure, a moving arrow, or a countdown may have different meanings in different vehicles and countries. Unless a manufacturer, road authority, or clearly established standard has defined the message, regard an unfamiliar display as ambiguous rather than as a command.
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The safe pedestrian procedure
Use the same disciplined process whether the car has a display, a conventional windscreen, or an automated-driving system. The display is an additional clue, not a replacement for seeing the vehicle stop and checking the road.
- Stop at the curb or crossing edge. Do not step into the lane while trying to decode the display. Keep a safe distance from the roadway so a vehicle that rolls forward cannot reach you immediately.
- Wait for the vehicle to stop completely. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) states: “Do not step into the roadway until the driver has stopped.” A slowing vehicle is not a stopped vehicle; wheels can continue to roll, and an automated system can change its decision.
- Look for the driver and make eye contact when there is a driver. NHTSA also advises: “If you can’t see the driver, the driver can’t see you — wait until you can make eye contact and the driver has stopped the car.” A display cannot substitute for that confirmation when the vehicle is manually driven or when its operating state is unclear.
- Scan beyond the displaying vehicle. Check every lane you must cross, both directions of travel, turning lanes, bicycle lanes, and the space behind or beside the vehicle. Move your head or change position if the car blocks your view.
- Use the display only as supporting information. Ask whether it appears to describe a state, an intention, or merely an unfamiliar symbol. Never upgrade an intention into a promise that the whole roadway is clear.
- Keep looking while you cross. A vehicle that initially yields can begin moving, and another road user can enter the crossing. Continue scanning rather than focusing on the screen.
- Abort if anything changes. If the vehicle moves, the display changes unexpectedly, another lane becomes hidden, or you are unsure of what you see, return to the curb or wait in a refuge area. Do not rely on a countdown or animation to hurry you.
Can I cross when a car says “WALK”?
No—not on the display alone. “Walk” can indicate that the vehicle intends to yield, but it cannot tell you whether a second vehicle is approaching in a lane that the first car hides. A 2025 blind-spot study describes this exact hazard: a pedestrian may interpret a yielding vehicle’s “Walk” message as permission while an adjacent vehicle remains concealed.
For example, imagine a two-lane road. The nearest car stops and shows “WALK.” Its body blocks your view of the far lane. If a motorcycle or car is traveling there, stepping out because of the message places you directly in its path. Wait for a view of the far lane, cross only when every required lane is visibly clear, and continue checking after you pass the first vehicle.
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What current standards and studies actually establish
ISO/PAS 23735:2025
ISO/PAS 23735:2025, published in March 2025, provides ergonomic design guidance for external visual communication from automated vehicles to other road users. Its stated scope is single-mode Level 4 and Level 5 automated-driving-system-dedicated vehicles. It addresses a broad range of vehicle types and operating domains and recognizes that road users differ in experience and ability, including children, older people, and people with disabilities.
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That scope is narrower than “any car with an outside screen.” The document should not be presented as a universal instruction manual for an ordinary passenger car, nor as proof that a particular aftermarket light or message is legally approved. It is design guidance for a defined automated-vehicle context.
2025 LED display experiment
A 2025 Transportation Research Procedia study used video recordings to compare five scenarios: arrow and full-green LED designs, each mounted either at the license plate or at the windscreen, plus a no-interface control. Participants rated perceived safety, clarity, and trust; researchers also recorded the onset of leg movement as an indicator of crossing-decision behavior.
In that experiment, a full-green LED at the license plate was perceived as the clearest and most trustworthy option and produced faster crossing decisions than the no-interface control. The study also reported a Kendall’s τ greater than 0.6 for correlations among perceived safety, trust, and clarity across the tested conditions. Those are associations and behavior results within that experiment. They are not a crash-reduction estimate, a certification, or evidence that a pedestrian may cross whenever a green display appears.
2024 flashing-light, sign, and timer study
A 2024 study indexed by PubMed tested a combination of a flashing green LED, a robotic sign, and a countdown timer. In the tested setting, the combination increased participants’ willingness to cross and reduced their response times. That finding shows how strongly an interface can influence a decision; it does not establish that the same combination is safe in every road layout, weather condition, traffic mix, or country.
Why these results do not create a universal signal
The studies used particular prototypes, placements, messages, videos, and participant groups. They measured perceptions, trust, comprehension, willingness, and the timing of a crossing response. None establishes one universal pedestrian-facing color or word, and none proves that an exterior display prevents real-world crashes. A faster decision can be beneficial when the road is genuinely clear, but dangerous when the display creates misplaced confidence.
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How drivers and designers should frame a display
A responsible interface starts by stating exactly what the vehicle knows and what it does not know. The following design questions help prevent a state message from being mistaken for a road-clearance guarantee.
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Define the message narrowly
Use language that matches the vehicle’s capability. “Vehicle stopped” is a state claim. “Vehicle yielding” is an intention claim. “Safe to cross” is a claim about the complete environment and requires knowledge the vehicle may not possess. If the system cannot detect a hidden lane, it should not imply that the entire crossing is clear.
Make the meaning consistent
Different colors, animations, and symbols can confuse people who encounter the vehicle for the first time. NHTSA’s 2024 final-rule discussion about forward-collision-warning symbols inside vehicles documents this general human-factors concern: variation can reduce familiarity and comprehension, while standardization can help users understand warnings. That discussion concerns in-vehicle warnings, not a legal standard for exterior displays, but the consistency principle is still relevant when evaluating an eHMI.
Synchronize the display with real movement
The display should change when the vehicle’s actual state changes, not several seconds later or before the system has committed to an action. Evaluate transitions such as braking, stopping, restarting, yielding to a cyclist, and abandoning a planned maneuver. A message that says “yield” while the car creeps forward is more dangerous than a less ambitious message that accurately reports the vehicle’s state.
Design for visibility without distraction
Check visibility from the locations where pedestrians actually stand, not only from directly in front of the car. Test different heights, viewing angles, daylight, darkness, rain, glare, snow, and partial obstruction by another vehicle. A display that is bright enough to notice may still be unreadable at an angle, and a large animated panel may attract attention away from approaching traffic.
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Account for different abilities and experience
Children, older adults, visitors unfamiliar with local conventions, people with low vision, and people who are deaf or hard of hearing may perceive the same interface differently. Do not assume that a tiny text message, a particular hue, or a sound-dependent cue works for everyone. ISO/PAS 23735:2025 expressly recognizes varied abilities and experience; evaluation should do the same.
Avoid masking hazards
The display must not encourage a pedestrian to look only at the nearest vehicle. Test situations in which the car blocks a second vehicle, a cyclist, a scooter, a turning driver, or a lane that becomes visible only after the pedestrian moves. If the interface increases willingness to cross while reducing attention to those hazards, its apparent clarity may be a safety liability.
Comparison framework for an exterior display
There is no evidence in the cited studies for a single winning design. Compare candidate interfaces against the same questions rather than selecting a color or animation by appearance.
| Evaluation axis | Questions to ask | Warning sign |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Does the message describe a measured state, an intention, or a guarantee? | A state indicator is worded as permission to cross |
| Comprehension | Can a first-time viewer explain it without training? | People guess its meaning from color alone |
| Visibility | Can the intended pedestrian see and read it from realistic angles and distances? | It disappears in glare, darkness, rain, or partial blockage |
| Consistency | Will the same symbol and behavior mean the same thing across vehicles in the program? | Identical colors carry conflicting meanings on different cars |
| Synchronization | Does the display track braking, stopping, yielding, and movement without misleading delay? | The vehicle moves while the display still signals waiting |
| Accessibility | Can children, older people, people with disabilities, and visitors understand it? | The design depends on a small word, one color, or one sensory channel |
| Occlusion risk | Could the message cause people to ignore a hidden lane or another road user? | Crossing decisions speed up even when sightlines are blocked |
| Failure behavior | What does a pedestrian see when sensors, communications, or the panel fail? | A dark, frozen, or corrupted display is interpreted as permission |
A practical evaluation process for a vehicle program
Teams building or deploying an exterior display should document the following process. It is an evaluation framework, not a substitute for applicable vehicle, lighting, accessibility, or road-traffic regulations.
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- Map the operating domain. Record the roads, speeds, weather, lighting, traffic direction, and user groups for which the display is intended. Do not transfer results from a dedicated Level 4/5 vehicle to every ordinary car without additional evidence.
- Specify the visual grammar. Define colors, symbols, text, animation, brightness, placement, viewing angle, and transition timing. Document what each state means and what it does not mean.
- Test comprehension before trust. Ask people who have not been trained to describe the message and their next action. A high trust score is not useful if the interpreted claim exceeds the vehicle’s actual knowledge.
- Test blocked sightlines. Include a yielding car hiding a second vehicle, a bicycle approaching from the side, a turning vehicle, and pedestrians who must change position to see the far lane.
- Test state changes and failures. Measure what happens when the vehicle stops, restarts, changes its route, loses a sensor, loses communication, or encounters an unexpected road user. The safe fallback should be obvious and should not resemble a crossing invitation.
- Include diverse participants. Recruit across ages, mobility and sensory abilities, language backgrounds, and levels of familiarity with automated vehicles. Record comprehension and errors, not only preference.
- Measure behavior and conflicts. Perceived safety, clarity, trust, willingness, response time, and leg-movement onset can reveal how an interface influences decisions. They do not replace conflict analysis, near-miss review, or crash data.
- Validate in realistic conditions. Video or controlled trials can identify promising designs, but field evaluation must examine glare, weather, occlusion, mixed traffic, and multiple vehicles. Keep the message conservative until evidence covers the intended operating domain.
What pedestrians should do with unfamiliar displays
- Unknown word or icon: Treat it as informational but ambiguous. Wait for the vehicle to stop and use ordinary traffic checks.
- Flashing or rapidly changing light: Do not assume urgency means permission. A warning or status transition may be in progress.
- Countdown timer: Do not speed up to beat the timer. Cross only when the road is clear and keep watching traffic.
- Display goes dark or freezes: Assume nothing about the vehicle’s intention. Wait, seek eye contact where possible, and reassess the road.
- Driver cannot be seen: Follow NHTSA’s advice and wait until you can make eye contact and the vehicle has stopped. This is especially important when glare, tinted glass, darkness, or vehicle height hides the cabin.
- Multiple vehicles display different messages: Treat each vehicle separately and check every lane. One car’s signal cannot authorize movement by another car.
Legal and equipment limits
ISO/PAS 23735:2025 is guidance with a defined automated-vehicle scope, not a blanket approval for exterior displays on ordinary cars. The available material does not establish a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction inventory of permitted words, colors, brightness levels, animations, or mounting locations. Requirements can vary by country, state, road authority, vehicle type, and whether a light is classified as a lamp, sign, or communication device.
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Before fitting or operating any exterior display, consult the rules that apply where the vehicle is registered and driven, plus the vehicle manufacturer’s requirements. Do not assume that a programmable sign, colored light bar, projection, or text panel is legal merely because it is sold for automotive use. A design that is acceptable for a dedicated automated vehicle may be unsuitable or prohibited on a manually driven passenger car.
Examples of safe interpretation
A stopped car shows a green symbol at a marked crossing
Remain at the curb until the car is stationary. Look for the driver if there is one, then scan the other lane, turning traffic, bicycles, and traffic approaching from behind the car. Cross only when the complete path is clear. The symbol may support your assessment; it does not replace it.
A vehicle slows but continues rolling and displays “yield”
Do not enter the lane. The message describes an intention, while the vehicle’s movement shows that the crossing conflict has not ended. Wait for a complete stop and keep watching for a change of plan.
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A large display is visible, but glare hides the road
Ignore the apparent reassurance and move to a position that gives you a safe view, or wait. A highly visible message cannot compensate for an invisible approaching vehicle.
An automated shuttle has no visible driver
Do not infer that the vehicle will always yield. Wait for it to stop, read the display only as supplemental information, check every lane, and continue looking while crossing. The absence of a driver removes the possibility of eye contact; it does not remove the need for a physical stop.
Quick checklist
- Have I stopped at the curb?
- Has the vehicle fully stopped, rather than merely slowed?
- Can I see the driver, and have we made eye contact when a driver is present?
- Have I checked every lane, turning movement, bicycle path, and direction?
- Could the displaying vehicle be hiding another road user?
- Do I know whether the message reports a state or an intention?
- Am I continuing to scan after I start crossing?
- Would I still make the same decision if the display were switched off?
If any answer is uncertain, wait. The safest use of an exterior display is as a small piece of information within a larger visual check—not as a walk signal issued by the car.
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