The Grand Wagoneer has always been Jeep’s moonshot: a full-size, body-on-frame luxury SUV asked to deliver Range Rover polish, Escalade presence, and Jeep DNA in one towering package. For 2026, Jeep is making a decisive course correction, and it starts under the hood. By collapsing a previously fragmented powertrain lineup into two core offerings, a range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) system and the twin-turbocharged inline-six Hurricane, Jeep is signaling that excess choice is no longer a virtue at the top of the market.
This isn’t simplification for cost alone. It’s a strategic reset designed to sharpen the Grand Wagoneer’s identity, modernize its performance story, and align the flagship with where luxury SUV buyers are actually headed. The move acknowledges that V8 nostalgia, regulatory pressure, and electrification ambition can’t coexist indefinitely without compromise.
From Powertrain Sprawl to Purpose-Built Choices
Previous Grand Wagoneer iterations suffered from mixed messaging. Buyers could choose between traditional V8 muscle and newer turbocharged options, but the lineup lacked a cohesive engineering narrative. Jeep now replaces that ambiguity with two clearly defined powertrains that serve distinct but complementary missions.
The Hurricane I6 becomes the default internal combustion backbone, delivering high-output performance with significantly improved thermal efficiency and weight distribution compared to a legacy V8. The REEV system, meanwhile, positions the Grand Wagoneer as an electrified luxury cruiser without abandoning long-range usability or towing capability, a critical consideration in this segment.
Why the Hurricane I6 Matters More Than a V8 Ever Did
Jeep’s twin-turbo 3.0-liter Hurricane inline-six isn’t a downgrade; it’s a generational leap. With outputs that rival or exceed outgoing V8s while shedding mass over the front axle, the I6 improves chassis balance, steering response, and real-world drivability. Faster turbo spool and a flatter torque curve translate to effortless acceleration, whether merging onto the highway or hauling a full load.
Equally important, the Hurricane aligns the Grand Wagoneer with global luxury norms. BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and even Land Rover have already proven that modern inline-sixes can deliver refinement and authority without the inefficiencies of eight cylinders. Jeep is no longer swimming against the current; it’s finally moving with it.
REEV as a Bridge, Not a Compromise
The introduction of a range-extended electric variant is the most telling move in Jeep’s strategy. Rather than pushing a full battery-electric Grand Wagoneer before infrastructure and customer readiness fully align, Jeep uses REEV architecture to blend electric driving with gasoline-backed confidence. Electric motors handle propulsion, while an onboard engine functions purely as a generator, eliminating range anxiety without sacrificing EV smoothness.
For luxury SUV buyers who want silent torque, instant response, and the ability to tow or road-trip without planning charging stops, this is a pragmatic solution. It also allows Jeep to meet tightening emissions standards while maintaining the vehicle’s core mission as a long-distance, do-everything flagship.
What This Signals About Jeep’s Future at the Top End
Unifying the Grand Wagoneer lineup around REEV and Hurricane power isn’t about playing catch-up; it’s about drawing a clear line forward. Jeep is choosing scalable, global-ready architectures that can evolve with software, electrification, and regulatory demands instead of clinging to hardware defined by the past.
In the ultra-competitive luxury SUV space, clarity is currency. By narrowing its focus to two advanced, high-performance powertrains, Jeep is telling buyers exactly what the Grand Wagoneer stands for in 2026: modern muscle, intelligent electrification, and a flagship finally engineered with intent rather than excess.
Inside the New Powertrain Portfolio: REEV Architecture vs. I6 Hurricane—Concept, Hardware, and Philosophy
With the strategic intent now clear, the engineering details deserve a closer look. The 2026 Grand Wagoneer doesn’t simply offer two powertrains; it presents two distinct interpretations of modern luxury propulsion, each designed around a different use case but united by a common philosophy of efficiency, refinement, and scalability. Understanding how the REEV system and the Hurricane inline-six differ at a hardware and conceptual level explains why this streamlined lineup works.
REEV Architecture: Electric First, Gasoline as Insurance
The REEV Grand Wagoneer is fundamentally an electric vehicle in how it drives. Large electric motors provide all propulsion, delivering immediate torque, smooth acceleration, and the quiet demeanor luxury buyers increasingly expect. The internal combustion engine never connects to the wheels; it exists solely to generate electricity when the battery state of charge drops.
From a hardware standpoint, this separation is critical. By removing the mechanical link between engine and drivetrain, Jeep avoids the compromises of traditional hybrids, such as gear hunting or power blending inconsistencies. The result is consistent throttle response and predictable power delivery, whether you’re creeping through traffic or towing at highway speeds.
Philosophically, REEV reflects Jeep’s recognition that many buyers want EV benefits without full EV limitations. It positions the Grand Wagoneer as electrified by default, yet immune to charging infrastructure gaps. This isn’t electrification for optics; it’s electrification tuned to real-world ownership.
I6 Hurricane: Mechanical Excellence, Modernized
Where REEV is about architectural disruption, the Hurricane inline-six is about refinement of a proven mechanical formula. The twin-turbo 3.0-liter engine delivers strong horsepower and robust torque while maintaining the natural balance that makes inline-sixes inherently smoother than V-configurations. Fewer moving parts and better thermal efficiency also improve durability and long-term consistency.
The Hurricane’s supporting hardware reinforces its premium intent. High-pressure direct injection, advanced turbo management, and tight integration with the transmission allow the engine to stay in its optimal power band more often. This translates to confident passing power, stable towing behavior, and a relaxed cruising character that suits a full-size luxury SUV.
On a philosophical level, the Hurricane keeps Jeep grounded in traditional performance credibility. It speaks to buyers who still value mechanical connection and proven ICE reliability, while benefiting from the same efficiency and emissions advantages that drive global luxury brands toward six-cylinder layouts.
Two Powertrains, One Unified Brand Message
What makes this portfolio work is not choice for choice’s sake, but alignment. Both REEV and Hurricane reject excess displacement, unnecessary complexity, and legacy thinking. Instead, they emphasize intelligent power delivery, reduced waste, and adaptability to future regulations and software-driven enhancements.
In competitive terms, this puts the Grand Wagoneer squarely in the modern luxury conversation. REEV counters plug-in hybrids and transitional EVs from rivals, while the Hurricane stands toe-to-toe with German and British inline-sixes that have already reset expectations. Together, they signal that Jeep’s electrification strategy isn’t fragmented—it’s deliberate, cohesive, and engineered to support the brand’s flagship identity moving forward.
Performance and Capability Implications: Torque Delivery, Towing, and Real-World Driving Dynamics
With the philosophical groundwork established, the real test of this streamlined lineup comes down to how these powertrains perform when weight, wind resistance, and driver expectations collide. Full-size luxury SUVs live and die by torque behavior, towing confidence, and chassis composure—not peak horsepower numbers. This is where the REEV and Hurricane approaches diverge technically but converge in capability.
Instant vs. Intelligent Torque Delivery
The REEV’s defining advantage is how it delivers torque. Electric motors provide maximum torque from zero rpm, which fundamentally changes how the Grand Wagoneer moves off the line and responds at low speeds. In real-world driving, this means effortless launches, immediate throttle response in traffic, and far less drivetrain strain when maneuvering a 6,000-plus-pound vehicle.
By contrast, the Hurricane I6 plays a more traditional but equally effective game. Twin turbochargers are calibrated for rapid spool and a broad torque plateau, ensuring strong midrange pull without the abruptness of older boosted engines. The result is predictable, linear acceleration that feels refined rather than aggressive, especially under sustained load.
Towing Confidence and Load Management
Towing is where Jeep’s calibration discipline becomes obvious. Both powertrains are engineered to deliver their torque in a controlled, temperature-managed way, which is critical for stability when pulling large trailers. The Hurricane’s mechanical consistency and sustained output make it particularly well-suited for long-distance towing, where thermal management and steady-state power matter more than instant thrust.
REEV approaches towing from a systems perspective rather than brute force. Electric drive handles initial load movement and low-speed modulation, while the range-extending engine maintains battery charge under sustained demand. This separation of duties reduces stress on individual components and allows the vehicle to maintain consistent performance even in hilly or stop-and-go towing scenarios.
Chassis Dynamics and Powertrain Integration
Power delivery is only as good as the platform managing it, and both setups benefit from tight integration with the Grand Wagoneer’s chassis systems. The Hurricane’s smooth firing order and inherent balance reduce vibration, allowing suspension tuning to prioritize ride quality without sacrificing control. This contributes to stable highway tracking and confident cornering for a vehicle of this size.
REEV shifts the dynamics equation by lowering the effective center of gravity through battery placement and smoothing power transitions via software. Throttle inputs feel progressive and measured, making the SUV easier to place on the road despite its mass. In daily driving, this translates to less driver fatigue and a more composed luxury experience.
Real-World Driving: Urban, Highway, and Everything Between
In urban environments, REEV feels fundamentally modern. Silent low-speed operation, immediate response, and regenerative braking make city driving feel lighter and more manageable than the vehicle’s dimensions suggest. It aligns perfectly with luxury buyers who value effortlessness and technological sophistication.
On the highway, the Hurricane asserts its strengths. The engine settles into a relaxed, low-rpm cruise with ample reserve power for passing, delivering the kind of long-distance confidence traditional Grand Wagoneer buyers expect. Together, these powertrains ensure that regardless of use case—commuting, towing, or cross-country travel—the 2026 Grand Wagoneer delivers performance that feels intentional, not compromised.
Efficiency, Emissions, and Range: How REEV and Hurricane Redefine Fuel Economy Expectations in a Full-Size Luxury SUV
With drivability established, the conversation naturally shifts to efficiency. For a three-row, body-on-frame luxury SUV tipping the scales well north of 6,000 pounds, fuel economy has historically been a liability rather than a selling point. The 2026 Grand Wagoneer’s streamlined powertrain strategy directly targets that weakness without sacrificing the capability that defines the nameplate.
REEV: Electrification Where It Actually Pays Off
The REEV system fundamentally changes how energy is consumed in daily use. By prioritizing electric propulsion at low speeds and during transient throttle events, it eliminates the inefficiencies of running a combustion engine in stop-and-go traffic. This is where full-size SUVs typically bleed fuel, and where REEV quietly flips the script.
Because the range-extending engine operates in a narrow, optimized load band, it burns fuel more efficiently than a traditional drivetrain under mixed conditions. The result is lower real-world fuel consumption, especially in suburban and urban cycles, without the range anxiety associated with plug-dependent EVs. For buyers who want electrification benefits without lifestyle changes, this is the sweet spot.
Hurricane I6: Downsizing Done the Right Way
The Hurricane inline-six represents a more traditional path to efficiency, but executed with modern precision. Its reduced displacement, advanced turbocharging, and high thermal efficiency allow it to deliver V8-level output while consuming less fuel under comparable loads. Crucially, it avoids the constant high-rpm operation that plagues smaller engines in heavy vehicles.
On the highway, the Hurricane’s efficiency advantage becomes most apparent. Sustained cruising at low engine speeds minimizes pumping losses and fuel flow, making long-distance travel more economical than outgoing V8-powered Grand Wagoneers. This aligns perfectly with how many owners actually use these vehicles: long road trips, steady speeds, and heavy payloads.
Lower Emissions Without Diluting the Brand
Efficiency gains translate directly into reduced emissions, and both powertrains address tightening regulatory pressures in different but complementary ways. REEV dramatically cuts tailpipe output in urban environments, where emissions scrutiny is highest and air quality concerns are most acute. Electric-first operation in cities isn’t just a technological flex; it’s a strategic compliance advantage.
The Hurricane engine, meanwhile, reduces overall CO₂ output through higher combustion efficiency and lower fuel demand. Jeep manages this without leaning on overly complex aftertreatment or sacrificing the torque characteristics expected of a Grand Wagoneer. The brand remains firmly rooted in capability, not compliance theater.
Range Confidence as a Luxury Feature
Range remains a critical psychological metric in the luxury SUV segment, and Jeep treats it as a core feature rather than an afterthought. REEV offers extended total driving range by combining electric operation with on-board fuel generation, making cross-country travel as straightforward as it is in a conventional SUV. There’s no need to plan routes around chargers or adjust driving habits.
Hurricane-powered models reinforce this confidence with predictable, fuel-efficient highway range and rapid refueling. Together, these powertrains eliminate the trade-offs buyers often associate with electrification. Whether the priority is minimizing fuel stops or maximizing flexibility, the 2026 Grand Wagoneer covers both bases with intent.
What This Signals for Jeep’s Luxury Future
By consolidating around REEV and the Hurricane I6, Jeep sends a clear message about its electrification strategy. This is not about chasing trends or abandoning internal combustion outright; it’s about deploying the right technology for the right job. Efficiency improvements are delivered where they matter most, without eroding the brand’s identity or alienating its loyal customer base.
In a segment increasingly crowded with either overcomplicated hybrids or range-limited EVs, the Grand Wagoneer’s approach stands apart. It redefines what fuel economy expectations look like in a full-size luxury SUV by being pragmatic, technically sound, and unapologetically Jeep.
Brand Identity and Electrification Strategy: What This Shift Says About Jeep’s Long-Term Powertrain Vision
Jeep’s decision to streamline the Grand Wagoneer lineup around REEV and the Hurricane I6 is less about simplification and more about focus. After establishing range confidence and compliance advantages, the brand is now clarifying what electrification means in a Jeep context. This is a strategy rooted in capability-first engineering, not headline-chasing EV specs.
Electrification Without Diluting the Jeep DNA
Jeep has long defined itself by torque delivery, durability, and real-world usability, and those pillars remain intact here. The REEV system prioritizes electric drive where it makes the most sense, while retaining a combustion engine strictly as a generator to preserve long-haul freedom. That separation of duties keeps the driving character consistent with Jeep’s identity rather than reshaping it around EV constraints.
The Hurricane I6 reinforces this philosophy from the combustion side. With high specific output, strong low-end torque, and reduced mass compared to legacy V8s, it delivers modern efficiency without losing the mechanical feel expected in a flagship SUV. Jeep isn’t walking away from internal combustion; it’s refining it to meet modern demands.
Streamlining as a Strategic Advantage
Reducing the powertrain portfolio to two highly capable options allows Jeep to concentrate development resources where they deliver the most impact. Fewer engines mean tighter calibration, better integration with chassis and driveline systems, and more consistent performance across trims. For buyers, it translates to clearer choices without sacrificing customization or capability.
This consolidation also improves manufacturing efficiency and long-term reliability. By avoiding a fragmented lineup of mild hybrids, plug-ins, and legacy engines, Jeep minimizes complexity behind the scenes. The result is a luxury SUV that feels cohesive, engineered as a system rather than a collection of compromises.
Positioning Against EV-Only Luxury Rivals
In a market where competitors are racing toward full electrification, Jeep is deliberately taking a parallel path. REEV allows the Grand Wagoneer to deliver EV-like urban refinement without inheriting the infrastructure dependency of battery-only rivals. That balance is particularly compelling for buyers who want cutting-edge tech without lifestyle limitations.
Against traditional luxury SUVs, the Hurricane I6 gives Jeep a clear efficiency and performance narrative. It offers comparable or superior output with lower fuel consumption and emissions, all while maintaining towing capability and highway composure. This dual-path strategy lets Jeep compete on multiple fronts without overextending the brand.
A Measured, Long-Term Powertrain Vision
What emerges from this shift is a disciplined electrification roadmap rather than a reactive one. Jeep is signaling that its future will be multi-energy, application-specific, and grounded in real customer use cases. Electrification becomes a tool to enhance the vehicle, not redefine it.
By unifying the Grand Wagoneer lineup around REEV and the Hurricane I6, Jeep is effectively drawing a line in the sand. Luxury, efficiency, and performance can coexist without abandoning the traits that built the brand. It’s a vision that prioritizes longevity and relevance over short-term technological spectacle.
Competitive Positioning: How the 2026 Grand Wagoneer Stacks Up Against Escalade IQ, Range Rover, and Navigator
With its powertrain strategy now simplified and intentional, the 2026 Grand Wagoneer enters the ultra-luxury SUV arena with a clearer identity than ever. Rather than chasing every trend, Jeep positions itself between full electrification and traditional combustion, carving out a pragmatic middle ground. That choice becomes especially relevant when stacked against its three most direct rivals.
Against Cadillac Escalade IQ: Technology Versus Flexibility
The Escalade IQ represents the all-in EV approach, delivering massive horsepower, silent operation, and a tech-forward cabin wrapped around GM’s Ultium platform. Its straight-line performance and digital immersion are undeniable, but they come with trade-offs in charging dependency, cold-weather range variability, and long-term battery replacement concerns. For buyers fully committed to EV infrastructure, the IQ is compelling, but it demands lifestyle alignment.
The Grand Wagoneer REEV counters with a more adaptable solution. Electric drive handles daily commuting and urban refinement, while the range-extending engine preserves long-distance freedom and towing confidence. Jeep isn’t trying to out-EV Cadillac; it’s offering EV benefits without forcing a single-use case, which resonates with buyers who want luxury without constraints.
Against Range Rover: Sophistication Versus System Integration
Range Rover has long owned the narrative around luxury blended with off-road credibility, and its plug-in hybrid offerings emphasize refinement and brand cachet. However, those systems still juggle multiple drivetrains and complex transitions between electric and combustion modes. The result can feel impressive but occasionally disjointed, especially under load or during aggressive driving.
Jeep’s REEV approach is more mechanically honest. The wheels are always driven electrically, simplifying torque delivery and improving low-speed control, while the engine operates strictly as a generator. Combined with the Hurricane I6 on non-REEV models, the Grand Wagoneer presents a lineup that feels engineered as a cohesive system rather than layered technologies competing for control.
Against Lincoln Navigator: Modernization Versus Tradition
The Navigator remains a benchmark for comfort and interior space, but its reliance on a twin-turbo V6 without electrified augmentation now feels conservative in this segment. It delivers strong towing numbers and relaxed highway manners, yet lacks a forward-looking powertrain narrative. In a market increasingly defined by efficiency metrics and electrification strategy, that absence is noticeable.
By contrast, the Hurricane I6 gives Jeep a modern internal combustion backbone with higher thermal efficiency, strong torque density, and improved emissions performance. Paired with the optional REEV, the Grand Wagoneer signals that Jeep is evolving without abandoning its core strengths. It’s a modernization play that respects legacy while clearly pointing forward.
Across these comparisons, the Grand Wagoneer’s advantage lies in intentional restraint. Jeep isn’t trying to dominate every metric; it’s focusing on usable performance, real-world efficiency, and brand-aligned capability. In doing so, it positions the Grand Wagoneer not as a technological experiment, but as a luxury SUV engineered for how people actually drive, tow, and travel.
Ownership Experience and Market Impact: Cost of Entry, Use Cases, and Buyer Trade-Offs in the New Lineup
Jeep’s decision to consolidate around the Hurricane I6 and the new REEV architecture directly reshapes the ownership proposition. This is no longer a lineup defined by engine sprawl, but by clearly tiered use cases that scale with buyer intent. Whether you prioritize towing consistency, urban efficiency, or long-distance luxury, the Grand Wagoneer now asks buyers to make fewer, more meaningful choices.
From a market standpoint, this simplification is strategic. It lowers cognitive load for shoppers cross-shopping Escalade, Navigator, and Range Rover while reinforcing Jeep’s identity as a brand that values mechanical clarity. The powertrain becomes part of the ownership story, not a footnote buried in a spec sheet.
Cost of Entry and Long-Term Value
The Hurricane I6 models represent the most accessible entry point into the Grand Wagoneer ecosystem, but “accessible” is relative in this segment. Expect pricing to remain firmly in full-size luxury territory, yet with fewer costly engine variants driving option complexity. That streamlining helps Jeep control production costs and stabilize residual values, which matters for lease-heavy luxury buyers.
REEV models will command a premium, but the value case extends beyond fuel savings. Reduced brake wear from regenerative deceleration, less engine runtime under load, and potentially smoother driveline longevity all factor into total cost of ownership. For buyers who keep vehicles beyond the warranty window, those mechanical benefits carry real weight.
Real-World Use Cases: Matching Powertrain to Lifestyle
The Hurricane I6 is the purist’s choice for traditional SUV duty cycles. Long highway runs, frequent towing, and rural driving play directly to its strengths, delivering predictable refueling and consistent thermal performance. It feels familiar, but critically, it’s more efficient and refined than the V8s it replaces without sacrificing torque delivery.
The REEV flips the script for urban and mixed-use owners. Daily commuting, school runs, and stop-and-go traffic lean heavily on electric drive, delivering near-silent operation and immediate torque. Yet the onboard generator removes range anxiety entirely, making the REEV uniquely suited for buyers who want electrification benefits without planning their lives around charging infrastructure.
Buyer Trade-Offs: Simplicity Versus Control
REEV ownership introduces a different mindset. You gain seamless torque and low-speed finesse, but surrender some of the mechanical feedback traditionalists associate with combustion drivetrains. Engine sound and throttle response are mediated by software logic, prioritizing efficiency and smoothness over raw sensory engagement.
Conversely, the Hurricane I6 trades some electrified novelty for transparency. What you press with your right foot directly correlates to engine behavior, a trait many enthusiasts still value. Jeep’s achievement is offering both experiences without forcing buyers into extremes, allowing preference rather than ideology to drive the decision.
Market Impact and Jeep’s Strategic Signal
By unifying the lineup around two complementary powertrains, Jeep sends a clear message to the luxury SUV market. Electrification is not an add-on or compliance exercise here; it’s integrated where it enhances usability. At the same time, high-efficiency internal combustion remains a pillar, not a relic.
This balanced approach positions the Grand Wagoneer as a stabilizing force in a segment crowded with overcomplicated solutions. Jeep isn’t chasing shock value or spec-sheet dominance. Instead, it’s shaping a lineup that reflects how luxury SUV buyers actually live, drive, and justify six-figure purchases in a rapidly shifting automotive landscape.
Forward Look: What the Grand Wagoneer’s Powertrain Unification Signals for Future Jeep and Stellantis Products
The Grand Wagoneer’s streamlined powertrain strategy doesn’t end at this nameplate. It functions as a rolling thesis statement for where Jeep and Stellantis are headed as electrification accelerates without fully displacing combustion. By committing to two clearly defined, scalable architectures, Stellantis is reducing complexity while sharpening brand identity.
REEV as a Transitional Blueprint, Not a Detour
The REEV system is more than a one-off solution for hesitant EV buyers. It’s a bridge technology that allows Stellantis to electrify large, heavy vehicles without sacrificing range, towing confidence, or refueling convenience. For body-on-frame SUVs and future trucks, this approach sidesteps the mass and cost penalties of oversized battery packs.
Expect this architecture to proliferate across premium and utility-focused products where duty cycles vary wildly. From luxury family haulers to overland-capable platforms, REEV allows Stellantis to electrify function first, rather than chase lab-cycle numbers. That pragmatism aligns squarely with Jeep’s DNA.
The Hurricane I6 as the New Internal Combustion Standard
The Hurricane inline-six is rapidly becoming Stellantis’ combustion cornerstone. Its modular design, high specific output, and compatibility with mild hybrid systems make it far more future-proof than legacy V8s. In the Grand Wagoneer, it proves that downsizing doesn’t mean decontenting when engineering execution is this strong.
This engine’s broader implication is cost and calibration efficiency across brands. From Jeep to Ram to performance-oriented applications, the Hurricane allows Stellantis to deliver consistent power, emissions compliance, and drivability while tailoring output and character to each brand. It’s a rational consolidation move that still leaves room for emotional differentiation.
Brand Identity in an Electrified Era
Crucially, Jeep is not surrendering its identity in the process. The Grand Wagoneer’s powertrain unification reinforces capability, durability, and confidence rather than chasing novelty. Electrification here supports those traits instead of redefining them, which is a critical distinction as luxury buyers grow skeptical of tech-first repositioning.
This approach also insulates Jeep from rapid market swings. If EV adoption accelerates unevenly, Jeep remains flexible. If infrastructure lags, REEV keeps customers moving. If enthusiasts resist full electrification, the Hurricane I6 preserves mechanical credibility.
Competitive Positioning in the Luxury SUV Segment
Against rivals leaning hard into full EVs or clinging to outdated V8s, the Grand Wagoneer occupies a strategic middle ground. It delivers modern efficiency and refinement without alienating traditional luxury SUV buyers who value range, sound, and towing muscle. That balance is increasingly rare and increasingly valuable.
By simplifying its offerings and clarifying its engineering priorities, Jeep strengthens trust in the product. Buyers aren’t decoding a menu of half-measures; they’re choosing between two well-defined philosophies, both executed at a high level.
The bottom line is this: the 2026 Grand Wagoneer isn’t just a product update, it’s a signal flare. Jeep and Stellantis are betting on smart electrification, scalable engineering, and brand-authentic performance rather than chasing trends. For buyers, that translates to confidence that today’s purchase won’t feel obsolete tomorrow, and for the industry, it sets a template others will be forced to respond to.
