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The History of the Electric Car: A Timeline

Electric cars began as 19th-century experiments, flourished in U.S. cities around 1900, faded as gasoline vehicles scaled, and returned in waves to become a substantial global market by 2024.
Entry321 Date Time4 min MechanicCarCody Team
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Electric cars are not a new invention: battery-powered vehicles appeared in the 19th century and were common on U.S. roads around 1900. They lost ground as gasoline cars became cheaper and easier to fuel, then returned in waves as oil shocks, emissions rules and better batteries changed the equation. This timeline follows the U.S. story where the evidence is strongest, then sets it against the global market through 2024.

Electric cars before the automobile age: 1820s–1890s

There is no single inventor or country credited with creating the electric car. Inventors in Hungary, the Netherlands and the United States experimented with battery-powered vehicles in the 1820s and 1830s. Those efforts were early experiments, not yet a settled, practical form of transport. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) notes that French and English inventors later built some of the first practical electric cars.

Around 1890, American inventor William Morrison built a six-passenger electric vehicle. The DOE describes it as the first successful electric car in the United States and says it could reach 14 mph. That is a U.S.-specific milestone, not a claim that Morrison built the world’s first electric car. DOE: The History of the Electric Car

Why electric cars flourished in cities around 1900

Electric cars had practical advantages for early urban travel: they were quiet and easier to operate than gasoline cars that had to be started by hand. By 1900, New York City had more than 60 electric taxis, and the DOE estimates that electric cars made up around one-third of vehicles on U.S. roads. These figures describe the United States, not the global vehicle fleet. DOE: The History of the Electric Car

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At the time, the choice among electric, gasoline and steam cars was still unsettled. The Smithsonian’s account of early automotive technologies underscores that the contest involved more than vehicle design: roads, energy supply and supporting infrastructure also shaped which type could succeed. Smithsonian: The Technology of the Automobile

Why gasoline cars overtook electrics: 1901–1935

Several forces shifted the advantage toward gasoline. The Model T, introduced in 1908, made gasoline cars accessible to more buyers, while the electric starter made them easier to start. Better roads and growing filling-station networks supported longer trips, inexpensive oil kept operating costs attractive, and electricity was less accessible outside cities. These changes reinforced one another: a car with broad fueling access was more useful as roads spread, and a larger market made gasoline vehicles easier to buy and maintain.

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Price was another hurdle. For 1912, the DOE lists a gasoline car at $650 and an electric roadster at $1,750. Those are nominal historical prices as reported by the DOE, not inflation-adjusted figures. The period also saw experiments with alternatives: Ferdinand Porsche developed an early hybrid, and Thomas Edison worked on batteries. Neither effort reversed the market’s shift. By 1935, electric vehicles had largely disappeared from the U.S. market. DOE: The History of the Electric Car Smithsonian: The Technology of the Automobile

Oil shocks and a new round of electric-vehicle research: 1971–1976

The Lunar Roving Vehicle drove on the Moon in 1971, demonstrating electric propulsion in a specialized vehicle. On Earth, the 1973 oil crisis and fuel shortages renewed interest in alternatives to gasoline. In 1976, the U.S. Congress passed the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act, supporting renewed research and development.

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But the technology of the era imposed sharp limits. The DOE says typical electric vehicles of the 1970s reached about 45 mph and traveled around 40 miles before recharging. That combination made them difficult substitutes for gasoline cars used for longer or faster trips. DOE: The History of the Electric Car

Emissions rules and the GM EV1: 1990–2001

U.S. federal laws and California emissions regulations helped spur automakers to revisit electric vehicles in the 1990s. General Motors developed the EV1 as a purpose-designed electric car, releasing it in 1996 and ending the program in 2001. The DOE reports an 80-mile range. The Smithsonian describes the 1997 EV1 as designed and built from scratch, a notable part of the modern U.S. revival rather than an uncontested first in the history of electric cars. DOE: The History of the Electric Car Smithsonian: The Technology of the Automobile

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids and battery-electric cars return: 1997–2010

The modern revival involved different powertrains, not just battery-only cars. The Toyota Prius launched in Japan in 1997 and worldwide in 2000; it is a hybrid, not a battery-electric car. Tesla announced a long-range luxury electric sports car in 2006. In late 2010, the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid and the all-electric Nissan Leaf reached the U.S. market.

Powertrain Where driving energy comes from Can it plug in?
Hybrid (HEV) Battery and liquid fuel; the battery supports electric drive but is not externally charged. No
Plug-in hybrid (PHEV) Battery or liquid fuel. Yes
Battery-electric vehicle (BEV) Battery electricity. Yes

The distinctions matter when reading the timeline: the Prius helped popularize hybrid propulsion, while the Leaf was a battery-electric car and the Volt a plug-in hybrid. Calling every one of these vehicles “electric” without naming its powertrain can obscure how it was fueled. DOE: The History of the Electric Car Library of Congress: Electric vehicles

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Electric cars become a major global market: 2023–2024

The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that around 14 million electric cars were sold worldwide in 2023, about 18% of global new-car sales. In 2024, global sales exceeded 17 million and accounted for more than 20% of new-car sales. At the end of 2024, the global fleet stood at nearly 58 million electric cars, about 4% of all passenger cars. These are global figures for the stated years, not U.S.-only statistics. IEA: Global EV Outlook 2024 — Trends in electric cars IEA: Global EV Outlook 2025 — Trends in electric cars

What the timeline shows

Electric cars did not disappear because electric drive was inherently impractical. Their fortunes depended on the fit between vehicle performance, cost and the infrastructure around them. Early electrics worked well for short urban journeys, but gasoline cars gained reach and affordability as roads and filling stations expanded. The oil crisis and emissions policies later renewed interest, and the market grew as manufacturers brought different electric powertrains back to buyers. The IEA figures mark how far the global market had shifted by 2024; they do not mean electric cars had replaced the wider passenger-car fleet.

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