ULEZ cameras use automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) to read a vehicle’s registration and record an image. Transport for London (TfL) matches that read against vehicle, payment and exemption records; the camera does not measure the car’s emissions. If records indicate a charge is due and unpaid, the evidence may be reviewed for a penalty charge notice (PCN).
What ULEZ cameras record
TfL describes its road-user charging cameras as ANPR cameras. When a vehicle enters, leaves or drives within a charging zone, the system records its registration and an image. In the August 2023 data protection impact assessment (DPIA), TfL says a camera is triggered when a moving vehicle’s registration mark enters its field of view. TfL’s road-user charging privacy notice describes the system and the information it processes.
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The camera reads a number plate; it does not visually inspect the exhaust or directly test emissions. TfL checks the registration against vehicle information held by the DVLA to establish whether the vehicle meets the relevant standard. The system’s compliance decision is therefore based on records associated with the registration, not an emissions sensor in the camera. TfL’s response on ULEZ camera data also describes the use of ANPR and DVLA records.
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- Capture: An ANPR camera reads the registration and records an image when a vehicle is seen entering, leaving or travelling within the zone.
- Match vehicle information: TfL checks the read against DVLA vehicle records to determine compliance.
- Match payment and exemption records: After the payment period has passed, TfL compares observed vehicle records with payments and applicable discounts, exemptions and account records.
- Filter or retain the record: A record matched to a compliant vehicle or a timely payment is deleted under the relevant process. An unmatched record may be retained for enforcement.
This is a records-based process: a camera capture on its own does not establish that a charge is unpaid. TfL’s privacy notice describes the matching and use of road-user charging data.
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What happens before TfL issues a PCN
TfL’s August 2023 DPIA describes a manual check of every PCN by its contractor, Capita. The checker compares the camera read with the image, and checks whether the vehicle type and colour match DVLA records. If the records do not match, the DPIA says the data—including keeper details obtained from DVLA—is deleted. This is the documented process in that assessment, not a separate guarantee about a particular present-day review rate. TfL’s road-user charging privacy notice.
In a response published 1 October 2026, TfL stated that a ULEZ PCN was £180, reduced to £90 if paid within 14 days. It said the amount would increase to £270 if the recipient did not pay or make a representation within 28 calendar days. These are figures reported by TfL on that date; consult TfL’s response on camera locations and TfL’s current PCN guidance before acting, because charges and procedures can change.
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How long camera records are kept
The August 2023 DPIA says records and images for vehicles known to be ULEZ-compliant or paid for within the required timeframe are deleted within 21 days. It says compliant records are filtered sooner at camera stations. Records connected with enforcement are handled under the road-user-charging retention policy and enforcement process; they are not subject to the same routine deletion pathway while needed for that purpose. TfL’s privacy notice.
TfL also says ANPR data is pseudonymised before it is used for traffic monitoring and transport planning. Pseudonymisation for analysis does not mean that enforcement records are anonymous: TfL’s DPIA says keeper details are needed when a PCN is pursued against the registered keeper.
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Where ULEZ cameras are placed
The network is not limited to cameras at the zone boundary. TfL describes captures on entry, exit and within the zone, and its August 2023 DPIA anticipated additional boundary and in-zone cameras as part of the London-wide expansion, alongside mobile camera vehicles intended to address coverage gaps or equipment outages.
Those figures were planning estimates, not a verified live inventory: the DPIA anticipated approximately 2,750 additional ANPR cameras, including approximately 750 at new boundary sites, and about 20 mobile camera vehicles. They should not be read as the current camera count or as evidence that a mobile van will be at a particular place. TfL’s August 2023 DPIA.
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TfL declined to disclose precise camera locations in a response published 1 October 2026, citing exceptions concerning public safety, the course of justice and commercial confidentiality. In a July 2023 response, TfL said compliance is assessed on a zonal basis rather than by individual camera site. Do not rely on a list of inferred camera locations to decide whether a journey is covered. TfL’s camera-location response.
Quick Recap
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