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Delivery fleets

How to Plan Charging for an Electric Delivery Fleet

A practical guide to sizing electric delivery fleet charging around vehicle capabilities, route energy, dwell time, depot capacity and utility rates.

By CarCody Team 6 min read
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Start with the delivery schedule, not a charger count. Match vehicle capabilities to routes, charging windows and dispatch deadlines, then check whether the depot and utility can support the resulting load. The right plan depends on vehicle class, daily energy use, return times, local electricity rates and available site capacity; there is no universal charger-to-vehicle ratio.

What information do you need before choosing chargers?

Charging is an energy, timing and location problem. Two depots with the same number of vehicles may need different equipment if one has staggered returns and long overnight dwell while the other has coincident arrivals and short breaks. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) identifies duty cycles and vehicle garaging among the factors that shape fleet charging plans.

Build a representative operating profile before requesting charger quotes or designing electrical work. Collect:

  • Vehicle class, candidate models, battery capacity and onboard charging capability.
  • Route mileage, energy use, payload requirements, departure times and return times. Include demanding routes rather than relying only on average daily mileage.
  • Where each vehicle parks, how long it remains there, and whether parking assignments or vehicle movements affect charger access.
  • Required charge at dispatch, including any reserve your operation requires, and the effect of late returns or unusually energy-intensive routes.
  • Existing off-site or public charging that is actually available to the fleet.
  • Depot electrical service, building loads, utility rate periods and demand charges, where known.

These inputs reveal whether charging can happen overnight, must happen during a shift, or needs more than one charging window. They also expose coincident peaks: the maximum load may depend less on total daily energy than on how many vehicles need power at the same time.

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How should vehicle choice shape the charging plan?

Select vehicles against route, payload and dispatch requirements before finalizing charger count or power. Confirm each candidate’s charging limits and compatible connectors with its manufacturer; a charger’s advertised output does not mean every vehicle can accept that power.

AFDC guidance offers a useful screening point, not a universal sizing rule: Level 2 can charge a typical electric vehicle overnight, while vehicles traveling more than 100 miles per day may need DC fast charging for in-shift charging. Actual results depend on the specific vehicle, route energy use, dwell time and operating pattern. Verify those conditions with the vehicle maker and fleet data before treating either option as suitable.

AFDC’s fleet checklist also recommends checking vehicle availability and applicability, charging needs, maintenance support and delivery schedule. Coordinating vehicle delivery with charger installation matters: a fleet can be ready to operate before utility upgrades or equipment are available unless those dependencies are planned together.

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How many chargers does a delivery fleet need?

Derive the count from charging windows and vehicle readiness, not a fixed ratio. For each vehicle or route group, compare the energy it needs with the time it can remain connected, the vehicle’s charging acceptance, charger output and the number of vehicles charging simultaneously. Then test whether a late return or demanding route would leave a vehicle short at dispatch.

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AFDC describes Level 2 as typically using one unit per vehicle for overnight charging, while DC fast charging can serve multiple vehicles. These are general configurations, not a recommendation for every depot. Staggered dwell periods may allow port sharing; overlapping charging needs may make that impractical. Local site capacity, duty cycle and economics determine whether sharing works.

Use a schedule or load model to compare charging plans against departure deadlines and site limits. NREL’s EVI-X suite includes tools for infrastructure planning, but applicability varies by vehicle class and analysis. The listed EVI-Fleet tool is for light-duty vehicles; do not assume it directly represents a medium- or heavy-duty delivery operation. Select a planning tool suited to the fleet being analyzed.

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Which charging approach fits the operating schedule?

Approach When it may fit What to verify
Level 2, primarily overnight Vehicles have a long overnight dwell window and can receive the required energy before dispatch. AFDC says Level 2 can charge a typical EV overnight. Actual vehicle charging limits, energy needed, available dwell time, simultaneous load and whether a port is available to each vehicle when needed.
DC fast charging for in-shift charging Routes or shift patterns leave too little time for overnight charging alone. AFDC says vehicles traveling more than 100 miles per day may need DC fast charging for in-shift charging. Whether the vehicle can accept the output, whether the charging stop fits the route and schedule, and the site’s electrical and cost implications.
Managed charging Vehicles can charge at different times or power levels without missing dispatch requirements. That controls preserve each vehicle’s required departure charge and account for facility load, utility rate periods, charger capacity and operational changes.

The AFDC statements in the table are screening guidance, not guarantees of charge time or a prescribed equipment ratio. The reviewed guidance establishes no universal charger count or power rating for an unspecified fleet.

How do you check depot capacity and utility requirements?

Bring the local utility into planning early, before charger procurement locks in a design. Ask about service requirements, current and future capacity, electricity rates and demand charges, and whether upgrades are needed. Confirm expected utility work and timing alongside permitting and construction schedules.

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At the site, assess panel and transformer constraints, charger locations, cable reach, vehicle circulation, safety and access, permitting, and the electrical construction scope. Consider whether planned fleet growth warrants capacity or layout provisions now. DOE AFDC recommends early utility coordination and consideration of future charging needs.

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Costs are site-specific. Compare equipment and construction capital with energy charges, demand charges, and ongoing networking or operating costs using the current local tariff. A charging strategy that appears inexpensive based on energy alone may create a costly peak or require an upgrade; obtain the applicable utility rates rather than relying on generic savings claims.

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Can managed charging reduce peak load without disrupting dispatch?

Managed charging schedules or modulates sessions in response to vehicle needs and operating conditions. DOE Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) guidance describes controls that can use fleet schedules, utility rates, charger capacity and building load. Depending on the site and tariff, shifting sessions or limiting power may reduce exposure to peak prices, demand charges or upgrade pressure. Those potential benefits do not outweigh vehicle readiness: the control plan must still deliver the energy each vehicle needs before its dispatch time.

Before selecting a control system, identify the data and responsibilities it will need:

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  • Vehicle counts, battery capacities, operating schedules, dwell periods and required charge at departure.
  • Charger inventory and power, site or facility load, rate periods, and any relevant utility signals.
  • Who owns and updates each input, and how the system will connect to charger and fleet-management software.
  • IT and security authorization for connected systems, including responsibility for ongoing access and integration support.

FEMP guidance focuses on federal fleets, so its control concepts can inform other fleets but do not establish local tariffs, rules or procurement requirements. Confirm those for the project’s jurisdiction and utility.

How should you coordinate procurement and commissioning?

Treat vehicles, chargers, utility work, electrical construction and software as one deployment. Assign owners and dates to each dependency so that a delay in one part does not strand another. Involve fleet operations, facilities, energy, IT and security, the utility, and charger or software providers; smart charging depends on their systems and decisions working together.

  1. Confirm equipment fit. Match vehicle charging capability and connector compatibility to proposed chargers, and check installation requirements with the vehicle maker, utility and a qualified electrical contractor.
  2. Align delivery and construction. Coordinate vehicle arrival, charger procurement, utility upgrades, permitting and electrical work against the operating start date.
  3. Test software and charging behavior. Verify connections among charging stations, fleet-management systems and any utility program. Run representative scenarios, including coincident arrivals, late returns and demanding routes.
  4. Train drivers and operators. Make parking assignments, plug-in steps, fault reporting and dispatch-readiness checks clear before vehicles enter service.
  5. Monitor actual operation. Compare delivered charge and charging times with schedules, observe peak load and costs, and review reliability so settings can be adjusted without jeopardizing dispatch.

AFDC’s fleet guidance and checklist provide a starting point for vehicle fit, equipment, site planning and utility coordination. FEMP’s managed-charging material covers control objectives and integration checks. NREL’s heavy-duty depot-load dataset can help illustrate how modeled charging profiles vary, but it is not a prediction for an individual depot: its 81 modeled 24-hour profiles represent three tractor delivery categories (beverage, warehouse and food), fleet sizes of 10, 50 and 100 EVs, and three charging strategies at 15-minute resolution.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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