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How Does Tyre-Based Wireless Charging Work for Electric Buses?

Winduction’s proposed system uses grid-connected road plates and receiving coils in specially designed bus tyres to charge while buses stop over them. Here’s how it works, what the efficiency and route figures mean, and where development stands.
Entry628 Date Time7 min MechanicCarCody Team
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Tyre-based wireless charging transfers electricity from a powered plate in the road to a receiving coil built into a specially designed bus tyre. When the bus stops with the tyre over the plate, the coils couple energy through a magnetic field and the tyre system passes it to the bus battery. Winduction, an ETH Zurich spin-off developing this approach, describes it as “wheel-based induction.” It is stop-based opportunity charging, not charging continuously as the bus drives.

How the tyre-based charging system transfers power

The system has two main parts: an electricity-connected plate installed in the road at a bus stop, and receiving equipment integrated into a compatible bus tyre. The plate contains induction coils. When powered, current in those coils generates a magnetic field; a receiving coil in the tyre couples with that field when the bus is positioned over the plate. The tyre system then relays the received energy to the bus battery.

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  1. The road plate is powered. Coils inside a plate embedded at a selected stop are connected to the electricity grid.
  2. The bus stops over the plate. The receiving coil is inside the specially developed tyre, so the bus must be positioned over the powered area for energy transfer.
  3. The coils transfer energy inductively. The ground coil’s magnetic field couples to the tyre coil without a physical charging plug.
  4. The received power reaches the battery. The tyre equipment needs to be compatible with the bus’s electrical and battery systems.

The wheel location is the distinctive feature. In conventional underbody arrangements, the receiver is farther from the road coil. ETH Zurich explains that greater separation reduces transfer efficiency; putting a receiving coil inside the wheel shortens the road-to-receiver gap. Winduction technology lead Sylvain Fricker describes the rationale this way: “We minimize the large transmission distance between the road and undercarriage by placing coils inside the wheel.” This is the company’s explanation of its design, rather than an independent assessment.

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Why the tyre has to be specially designed

The tyre is not simply an ordinary bus tyre with a wireless charger attached beside it. ETH Zurich reports that standard bus tyres contain steel belts, and that steel would interact with the magnetic field. Instead of helping transfer power to the receiving coil, it could absorb energy and heat up. Winduction says it is working with partners on a steel-free tyre for the system.

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That requirement makes the wheel more than a convenient place to mount a receiver: the tyre’s materials are part of the charging design. A compatible vehicle would need the purpose-designed tyre and receiving equipment, as well as a way to connect the received power to its battery system. The sources available do not specify a production tyre design, retrofit procedure, or compatibility with existing bus fleets.

It charges at selected stops, not while driving

Winduction’s approach is static or opportunity charging: a bus receives power while stopped over a road plate. A plate could be installed at a stop where the route and operating schedule make charging useful. A bus would not gain power simply by driving along an ordinary road, and the system is not a continuous road-powered operation.

Dynamic wireless charging is a separate concept: it transfers power while a vehicle moves over roadway coils. The U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) report published in December 2024 distinguishes static from dynamic systems and says its bus research focused on static charging because it was then more established and closer to market adoption. That is the report’s assessment at that time, not a claim about the current maturity of every system.

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There is also a separate historical example that should not be confused with Winduction’s bus system. In 2019, the University of Tokyo described wireless in-wheel motor research involving a test vehicle receiving roadway power while driving, with further research and development on tyres and wheels. That moving-vehicle work is a technical comparator; it does not show that Winduction buses are in service.

What the reported efficiency and route example mean

ETH Zurich’s 2026 account reports Winduction’s ground-to-vehicle transfer efficiency as over 90 percent. This is a company-reported figure relayed by ETH, not an independently established measurement across buses in regular service. It describes ground-to-vehicle transfer, so it should not be treated as a guarantee of the whole route’s energy use or compared directly with another prototype unless the measurement boundaries and conditions match.

The same account gives one illustrative route scenario: on a route between Zurich Airport and Oerlikon, Winduction says plates would be needed at 2 of 24 stops, with buses charging for 3 hours over a 16-hour operating period. Those figures describe a proposed design for that route, not a rule for other bus networks. The number and location of useful charging plates would depend on the route, vehicle operation, and feasibility work with transport operators.

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Opportunity charging could, in principle, reduce the battery capacity needed for a bus and the amount of charging required at a depot overnight. If a route can reliably replenish energy during scheduled stops, a smaller battery may be sufficient for that service pattern. Potential knock-on effects include bus weight, passenger capacity, spare-bus requirements, and electricity-demand peaks. These are expected or scenario-based benefits, not demonstrated fleet-wide outcomes. A route-specific assessment would need to establish whether the stop locations, charging time, equipment, and operational reserves work together.

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What a transit operator would need to assess

A route cannot be judged by charging efficiency alone. The concept depends on both sides of the system being available at the right place and time: powered road plates at useful stops, and buses equipped with compatible receiving tyres and battery connections. Operators would need a feasibility study to evaluate local route conditions and costs; Winduction has said costs depend on the route, and ETH’s account said a study with transport operators was still quantifying savings.

  • Stop placement: Identify stops where buses spend enough time for charging and where a road plate would serve the intended route pattern. Winduction’s Zurich Airport–Oerlikon example uses two of 24 stops, but that is not a template for every route.
  • Vehicle compatibility: Account for the specialised tyre, receiving coils, and connection to the battery system. The available account does not establish that existing buses can use the equipment without modification.
  • Operating schedule: Test whether planned charging windows fit with passenger service and the bus’s energy needs. The reported three hours of charging during a 16-hour operating period belongs to the Zurich route scenario only.
  • Infrastructure and grid needs: Consider the installation of grid-connected plates at selected stops and the resulting electricity demand. The sources do not provide a universal installation cost or grid-capacity requirement.
  • Whole-service economics: Compare route-specific infrastructure, vehicles, battery sizing, depot charging, and operational needs. No universal cost winner is established by the available information.

The attractive possibility is that charging equipment can be concentrated at a few strategically chosen stops rather than installed continuously along a route. Whether this offsets the cost and complexity of powered road infrastructure and specialised wheels remains a route-level question, not something the reported efficiency figure answers by itself.

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Safety and standards: what is established

Wireless bus charging transfers energy through a magnetic field between a ground assembly and vehicle receiver. The FTA’s December 2024 industry report identifies foreign-object and living-organism detection as safety provisions to consider. Metal objects in the field can heat rapidly, potentially damaging equipment or causing injury, so systems need safeguards suited to their operating environment.

This is general context for wireless charging, not a complete safety assessment of Winduction’s tyre-based prototype. The report does not establish that the specific system has a particular safety certification or that its safeguards have been validated for passenger service. A transit agency evaluating a deployment would need system-specific safety evidence and applicable approvals rather than assuming general wireless-charging provisions settle those questions.

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Standards also require a date qualification. The FTA report, published in December 2024, described U.S. high-power wireless-charging standards as still developing. It characterized SAE J2954-2 as a technical information report for stationary charging up to 500 kW, and J2954-3 as development work for dynamic charging. Those descriptions report the standards landscape as of 2024; they are not a statement of present status, nor proof that Winduction’s design is certified to either document.

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Development status as of October 2026

ETH Zurich’s article, published October 5, 2026, describes Winduction as developing realistic testing infrastructure in Winterthur, including a test lab and its own test stop. The founders aimed to assemble an industry-oriented converted bus and planned a first pilot in 2028, potentially around Zurich Airport. Discussions with Swiss operators were underway.

This is a development-stage project, not a description of regular public passenger service. The reported pilot is planned rather than completed, and the account does not establish that the system is commercially available or deployed in a fleet. Those status distinctions matter when interpreting efficiency figures and route scenarios: they illustrate the design and proposed use, not proven results from routine bus operations.

How to interpret the concept

Tyre-based charging addresses one specific engineering challenge: reducing the gap between the road’s transmitting coil and the vehicle’s receiver by putting the receiver in the wheel. It also introduces requirements that conventional charging arrangements may not share, particularly a steel-free tyre and compatible in-wheel equipment. The road plate, tyre, vehicle battery connection, stop alignment, and service schedule all have to work as one system.

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For now, the clearest description is a proposed static wireless opportunity-charging system for buses. Its potential benefits—smaller batteries, less depot charging, or operational savings—depend on route design and have not been established as fleet-wide results. The reported over-90-percent transfer efficiency and Zurich route scenario are useful indications of Winduction’s claims and planning, but they do not substitute for independent operational evidence from passenger service.

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