Ford (NYSE: F) and General Motors (NYSE: GM) should be compared using the same financial periods and clearly defined measures—not stock prices or headlines alone. Start with how each company makes money, then compare operating results, automotive cash and debt, shareholder returns, valuation and risks. The companies’ fiscal 2025 filings provide a useful starting point, but they do not support a current buy-or-sell verdict without newer results, synchronized market data and your own investment assumptions.
Start with what each company reports
Ford and GM are both automakers, but their segment definitions and financial measures are not interchangeable. Read each company’s segment notes before comparing segment profits; a similar-sounding label does not guarantee that two segments include the same activities or costs.
Ford’s operating segments
Ford’s 2025 Form 10-K describes Ford Blue as focused on gas-powered and hybrid vehicles, Ford Model e on electric vehicles and embedded software, and Ford Pro on commercial customers and related services. Ford Credit is its financing business. This structure helps distinguish vehicle operations, commercial services, EV investment and customer financing, but Ford’s segment results should still be read using the definitions and reconciliations in its filing.
GM’s reporting structure
Use GM’s own segment definitions and profit measures in its 2025 Form 10-K rather than assuming Ford’s categories have direct GM equivalents. GM filed that annual report for the year ended December 31, 2025 on January 27, 2026. Segment comparisons are most useful when you first establish what each company includes in the reported measure, and then compare the economics of the activities as far as the disclosures allow.
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Compare operating performance over matching periods
For a meaningful operating comparison, put Ford’s and GM’s results side by side for the same fiscal year or the same quarter. GM’s fiscal 2025 annual report covers the year ended December 31, 2025; do not compare a full-year figure for one company with a quarterly figure for the other.
Build the comparison from several measures rather than relying on a single headline number:
- Revenue: shows the scale of reported sales, but not how profitable those sales are.
- Operating profit and operating margin: help assess vehicle and other operating performance. Check whether each figure is GAAP or company-adjusted and what costs the company excludes or assigns to segments.
- Net income attributable to shareholders: captures the result attributable to common shareholders, but can be affected by items below operating profit.
- Operating cash flow and capital expenditure: indicate cash generated by operations and the investment required to sustain or change the business. Check the cash-flow statement and the company’s definitions of capital spending.
Keep GAAP results separate from adjusted measures. If you use an adjusted figure, identify the company’s measure and review its reconciliation to GAAP; adjustments can differ between issuers and periods. These fiscal 2025 filings establish the reporting framework, not a current ranking of performance.
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Separate automotive finances from lending operations
Ford Credit and GM’s financing operations lend to customers and dealers, so their receivables and funding are not economically equivalent to an automaker’s manufacturing cash and borrowings. When the filings permit, compare automotive liquidity and debt separately from finance-subsidiary balances. Otherwise, a consolidated debt figure can obscure which obligations belong to the vehicle business and which support lending activity.
Do not treat cash on hand as a complete measure of financial strength. Read liquidity alongside debt maturities, pension commitments, operating cash requirements and financing obligations. For the finance business, consider its receivables, funding structure and credit conditions as well as the reported profit.
Compare dividends and buybacks on the same basis
GM’s 2025 Form 10-K records declared dividends per common share of $0.57 in 2025, $0.48 in 2024 and $0.36 in 2023. Those are reported annual declared amounts, not a promise of future payments. Separately, GM investor relations said the board authorized an increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.15 in February 2025. A board authorization for a quarterly rate and the amount declared over a calendar year are different measures; do not substitute one for the other.
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The cited Ford facts do not establish a matching annual dividend series, so they are not enough to say which company paid more over the same periods or which has the higher current yield. To compare shareholder returns, verify both companies’ declared cash dividends for identical periods and use a share price from the same market date when calculating yield. Review repurchases over those same periods as well: share buybacks can change share count and per-share results, but are not a recurring cash dividend.
Dividend and repurchase decisions can change with board action and business conditions. Past distributions do not guarantee future ones.
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A lower share price does not by itself make one stock cheaper. First select a common market date, then use each company’s share count and the financial period relevant to the valuation measure. Market capitalization is the share price multiplied by the applicable shares outstanding; for Ford, account for both its common and Class B shares when determining the share count and confirm how the chosen data source treats each class.
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Ford disclosed 3,918,623,149 common shares and 70,852,076 Class B shares outstanding as of February 6, 2026. Its filing also cites a $13.80 closing price on that date. Both are explicitly dated historical figures, not a current share count or quote. They should not be used to compare current market values unless refreshed and paired with GM data from the same date.
Once market values are synchronized, compare an appropriate earnings, cash-flow or enterprise-value multiple using a clearly identified financial period. State whether earnings or cash flow is trailing, forecast or adjusted, and do not mix periods or definitions. Enterprise-value measures also need care because financing operations and pension obligations can affect how a company’s value and debt are treated. A multiple is a comparison tool, not a standalone verdict on which stock is undervalued.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Check the risks that can change the comparison
Both companies face risks that can affect profits, cash needs and valuation. Use each issuer’s risk factors and management discussion to assess exposure rather than assuming shared industry risks affect them equally.
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- Vehicle demand and pricing: cyclical demand and competitive pricing can alter sales, margins and inventory needs.
- Labor, warranties and recalls: costs or disruptions can affect operating results and cash flows.
- Regulation and capital intensity: compliance obligations and the cost of developing and producing vehicles can shape investment requirements.
- EV investment: compare the resources committed, reported segment performance and the company’s own assumptions; investment plans are not realized results.
- Financing conditions: interest rates, borrower credit quality and access to funding matter to captive finance operations as well as vehicle demand.
Management guidance and scenario assumptions are not actual outcomes. Treat them as conditional expectations, and compare them with subsequent reported results.
A practical comparison checklist
- Choose a matching period. Use the same fiscal year or quarter for both companies and label it clearly.
- Map the business mix. Read each 10-K’s segment descriptions, profit measures and reconciliations before comparing segment economics.
- Compare reported performance. Review revenue, operating profit, net income attributable to shareholders, operating cash flow and capital expenditure; label GAAP and adjusted figures.
- Review financial obligations. Separate automotive cash and debt from lending operations where the filings allow, then account for maturities, pensions and operating needs.
- Measure shareholder returns consistently. Compare declared dividends and repurchases across the same period; calculate yield only with a dated, matching share price.
- Synchronize valuation inputs. Use prices and share counts from one market date and multiples based on an explicitly identified financial period.
- Revisit risks and new filings. Check the companies’ latest quarterly results, guidance, dividend actions and material developments before making an investment decision.
Where to verify the stock and filings
GM investor relations identifies GM common stock as trading on the NYSE under ticker GM and says shares can be purchased through a broker or financial institution that deals in securities. Confirm current trading and company information through investor relations, regulatory filings and your broker. For a present-day comparison, refresh both companies’ latest quarterly results and market data for the same date; the fiscal 2025 filings and Ford’s February 6, 2026 share-price reference are dated evidence, not live data.
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