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The 15 Most Reliable Pickup Trucks of All Time, Ranked

A researched ranking of 15 durable pickup generations and engines, from the first Toyota Tundra and Tacoma to proven F-150, Silverado, diesel, and Ranger choices.
Entry172 Date Time17 min MechanicCarCody Team
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Short answer: The first-generation Toyota Tundra with the 4.7-liter V8 is the strongest overall candidate, followed by the 1995–2004 Toyota Tacoma, 2005–2015 Tacoma, and 2006–2014 Honda Ridgeline. For serious towing, the 7.3-liter Power Stroke, early 6.6-liter Duramax, and 5.9-liter Cummins combinations deserve attention.

That is a researched editorial synthesis—not a laboratory result or a guarantee. Pickup reliability depends heavily on the exact generation, engine, maintenance record, corrosion exposure, towing workload, and modifications. The best truck on this list is the one with a sound frame, verified service, and an independent inspection.

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How this ranking was built

There is no authoritative database that can prove which pickup is the most reliable of all time. Reliability changes with model year, engine, transmission, maintenance, corrosion exposure, towing load, climate, and previous ownership. A carefully maintained truck with 180,000 miles can be a safer purchase than a neglected truck with 100,000.

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This is therefore an editorial ranking of model-generation and powertrain combinations, not a guarantee that every example will reach a particular mileage. It weighs five factors:

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  • Long-term survival and high-mileage evidence: 30%.
  • Owner-reported reliability and dependability: 25%.
  • Mechanical simplicity and generation maturity: 20%.
  • Known recalls, corrosion campaigns, and recurring failure points: 15%.
  • Parts availability, repairability, and service expertise: 10%.

Long-term longevity studies and owner-reported reliability ratings answer different questions. Longevity research looks at how often vehicles survive to very high mileage; owner surveys estimate how many problems owners report. Neither measure replaces a pre-purchase inspection, and neither should be interpreted as a promise.

The 15 most reliable pickup trucks, ranked

Rank Truck and preferred configuration Best reason to consider it Largest buying risk
1 Toyota Tundra, 2000–2006, 4.7-liter V8 Simple drivetrain and unusually strong high-mileage reputation Frame rust and overdue timing-belt service
2 Toyota Tacoma, 1995–2004, 3.4-liter V6 Durable compact-truck mechanicals and excellent parts support Structural corrosion, especially in salt-belt states
3 Toyota Tacoma, 2005–2015, 4.0-liter V6 Strong durability record and capable midsize platform Frame corrosion and expensive underbody repairs
4 Honda Ridgeline, 2006–2014 Reliable, comfortable daily-driver pickup with useful utility Timing-belt, all-wheel-drive, and rust-related neglect
5 Toyota Tundra, 2007–2021, 5.7-liter V8 Proven naturally aspirated full-size powertrain Fuel cost, age-related wear, and frame or suspension condition
6 Nissan Frontier, 2005–2019, 4.0-liter V6 Conventional, durable midsize truck at a lower used price Early cooling-system and transmission-history problems
7 Ford F-150, 2009–2014, 5.0-liter V8 or 3.7-liter V6 Huge parts, repair, and service ecosystem Engine selection, fleet abuse, and towing-related wear
8 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500, 1999–2006, GMT800 Simple, highly serviceable full-size platform Rust, brake-line corrosion, and age-related maintenance
9 Ford Super Duty F-250/F-350, 1999–2003, 7.3-liter Power Stroke Durable diesel engine with extensive aftermarket support Old-truck wear, modifications, and neglected towing service
10 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra HD, 2001–2006, 6.6-liter Duramax Strong diesel longevity and serious work capability Injector, cooling, transmission, and corrosion issues
11 Ram 2500, 2003–2007, 5.9-liter Cummins Long-lived diesel engine and excellent towing potential Front-end, steering, transmission, and tuning-related wear
12 Toyota Tacoma, 2016–2023, 3.5-liter V6 Strong reputation with newer safety and convenience features Transmission behavior, electronics, and less-proven redesign-era complexity
13 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500, 2014–2018, 5.3-liter V8 Good value and broad service support Cylinder-deactivation wear, transmission behavior, and electrical faults
14 Ford Ranger, 1998–2011, 2.3-liter four-cylinder Inexpensive, simple, and easy for independent shops to repair Rust, abuse, and neglected transmission or engine service
15 Nissan Titan, 2004–2015, 5.6-liter V8 Durable V8 and straightforward full-size capability Differential, exhaust, recall, and commercial-use history

1. Toyota Tundra: 2000–2006 with the 4.7-liter V8

The first-generation Tundra takes the top spot because it combines a relatively simple drivetrain with a strong long-term reputation and unusually convincing high-mileage evidence. The 4.7-liter V8 is the configuration to seek for a reliability-focused purchase.

It is not the biggest or most capable full-size truck, but that is part of its appeal. The mature V8, conventional truck layout, and broad Toyota parts and service knowledge give it a strong ownership case when the truck has been maintained. Later Tundras also perform well in longevity research, supporting the model line’s historical durability.

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Inspect before buying: Verify timing-belt and water-pump service, examine the frame and crossmembers for corrosion, and check suspension bushings, steering components, four-wheel-drive operation, cooling-system condition, and transmission behavior. A clean engine does not make a rusty frame safe. These trucks are old enough that condition matters more than trim level or odometer reading.

2. Toyota Tacoma: 1995–2004 with the 3.4-liter V6

The first-generation Tacoma is one of the clearest compact-pickup reliability choices. Its 3.4-liter V6, straightforward mechanical architecture, long production history, and excellent parts availability make it attractive as a used truck decades after its introduction.

It works particularly well for buyers who need a small, maneuverable pickup for light hauling, outdoor use, or modest towing. It is not a modern full-size substitute: cabin space, payload, crash protection, ride comfort, and towing capacity are limited compared with newer trucks.

The critical warning is corrosion. Inspect the frame, suspension mounting points, brake lines, fuel lines, and bed supports in detail, especially if the truck spent time in a state that uses road salt. A mechanically healthy 3.4-liter engine cannot compensate for structural rust. Look for evidence of frame repair or replacement and have a shop evaluate any questionable scaling, perforation, or previous coating.

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3. Toyota Tacoma: 2005–2015 with the 4.0-liter V6

The second-generation Tacoma earns a high ranking for its durable 4.0-liter V6, capable chassis, and strong record among used-truck reliability and longevity coverage. It offers more space, power, and towing usefulness than the earlier Tacoma while retaining a relatively conventional powertrain.

The model’s main weakness is also its most important shopping filter: frame corrosion. Toyota’s U.S. frame-related actions covered specified Tacoma model years. That does not mean every truck is affected or that a treated frame is automatically defective, but a buyer should verify the VIN, inspect the frame professionally, and obtain documentation for any replacement or corrosion treatment.

Also check the automatic transmission, four-wheel-drive system, driveshafts, suspension modifications, and signs of hard off-road use. Oversized tires, lift kits, repeated water crossings, and heavy towing can accelerate wear that does not show up in a reliability ranking.

4. Honda Ridgeline: 2006–2014

The first-generation Ridgeline is the best choice on this list for an owner who wants a comfortable, car-like daily driver with useful truck features rather than maximum towing or payload. Its unibody construction and Honda V6 drivetrain differ from those of conventional body-on-frame pickups, but that design has not prevented it from earning a strong reliability and longevity reputation.

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The Ridgeline’s advantages include a composed ride, practical bed, lockable in-bed storage, and easy everyday manners. Its limitations are equally important: it is not the right tool for repeated heavy towing, maximum payload work, or severe commercial use.

Check carefully: Confirm timing-belt service, inspect the all-wheel-drive system and rear differential, test the tailgate and in-bed storage, and look for rust around the body, subframes, brake lines, and bed. A neglected timing belt or all-wheel-drive service history can turn an otherwise appealing Ridgeline into an expensive first repair.

5. Toyota Tundra: 2007–2021 with the 5.7-liter V8

The second-generation Tundra’s 5.7-liter V8 is one of the strongest full-size choices for buyers who want a proven, naturally aspirated powertrain. The engine provides substantial power for towing and hauling, while the mature generation has had many years to reveal its common wear points.

This is a recommendation for the established 5.7-liter generation, not an automatic endorsement of every Tundra bearing the same name. The truck is expensive to fuel, and full-size replacement parts, brakes, tires, suspension work, and cooling-system repairs cost more than comparable midsize-truck work.

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Inspect the frame and bed supports, suspension, brakes, radiator and cooling system, transmission, four-wheel-drive components, and evidence of repeated towing. Check for oil leaks and neglected fluid changes. A high-mileage 5.7-liter Tundra can be durable, but its size means that routine wear items can still produce substantial bills.

6. Nissan Frontier: 2005–2019 with the 4.0-liter V6

The D40-generation Frontier is a durable and relatively straightforward alternative to the more expensive Tacoma. The 4.0-liter V6 and conventional automatic transmission are the configurations to prioritize, particularly in later, well-maintained examples.

The Frontier’s simple layout, practical size, and lower used-market prices make it a good choice for buyers who want a midsize truck without paying a premium for the Toyota badge. It is not as polished or spacious as some newer rivals, but its uncomplicated character can be an advantage for long-term ownership.

Early trucks deserve especially careful review of cooling-system and transmission history. Also inspect the radiator, transmission fluid, frame, brake lines, suspension, steering, and four-wheel-drive system. Avoid trucks with evidence of repeated off-road abuse, neglected maintenance, or poorly installed lift and exhaust modifications.

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7. Ford F-150: 2009–2014 with the 5.0-liter V8 or 3.7-liter V6

The twelfth-generation F-150 belongs on the list because it has a proven chassis, an enormous installed base, and one of the deepest parts and independent-repair ecosystems in the pickup market. That support can materially reduce ownership difficulty when a high-mileage truck needs work.

For reliability-focused shopping, concentrate on the 5.0-liter V8 and 3.7-liter V6 configurations. Do not treat every engine offered in this generation as equally desirable; the 5.4-liter three-valve V8 has a more complicated reliability record and deserves a much more careful service-history review.

Many F-150s spent their lives towing, hauling, or working in fleets. Inspect the transmission, rear axle, cooling system, front suspension, steering, frame, brake lines, and hitch area. Look for uneven tire wear, sagging springs, bent components, excessive idle hours, and evidence of commercial use. A clean, documented truck is far more important than a low advertised price.

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8. Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500: 1999–2006 GMT800

The GMT800 Silverado and Sierra are among the most serviceable full-size pickups sold in the United States. Their enormous production volume created a deep supply of replacement parts, plentiful repair information, and broad independent-shop expertise.

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The 4.8-liter and 5.3-liter V8 configurations are the most relevant choices for this ranking. The basic drivetrain can accumulate substantial mileage when maintained, and the trucks remain easy to understand and repair compared with many newer pickups.

Age is now the central risk. Inspect the frame, brake lines, fuel lines, rocker panels, cab mounts, suspension, steering, intake-gasket area, and automatic transmission. Fuel-system wear, suspension deterioration, neglected fluid changes, and rust can overwhelm the truck’s underlying durability. Treat a clean southern truck and a heavily corroded salt-state truck as entirely different purchase candidates.

9. Ford Super Duty F-250 and F-350: 1999–2003 with the 7.3-liter Power Stroke

The 7.3-liter Power Stroke is a landmark heavy-duty diesel and remains a leading durability candidate when properly serviced. Its reputation is supported by a large installed base, a long production run, strong aftermarket support, and many examples that have accumulated very high mileage.

This is a heavy-duty work-truck recommendation, not a claim that every old Power Stroke is a safe purchase. These trucks are now old enough that injectors, wiring, turbo plumbing, steering components, suspension, brakes, and rust may matter more than the engine’s historical reputation.

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Be particularly wary of heavily modified trucks. Aftermarket tuning, oversized tires, altered exhaust systems, poor-quality wiring, and evidence of repeated overloading can make an otherwise desirable diesel difficult to evaluate. Demand maintenance records and pay for a diesel-specific inspection before committing.

10. Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD: 2001–2006 with the 6.6-liter Duramax

Early Duramax-powered HD pickups offer strong diesel longevity and substantial commercial-duty capability. The LB7 and LLY configurations are the relevant versions for this entry and can be excellent choices for towing when kept stock and serviced correctly.

However, diesel durability is never just an engine question. Inspect injector history, cooling-system performance, transmission operation, fuel-system condition, emissions modifications, frame, brake lines, suspension, and hitch components. An undocumented truck with a large tune may have been subjected to considerably more cylinder pressure, heat, and drivetrain stress than its mileage suggests.

Prioritize a stock truck with service receipts. Verify cold-start behavior, watch for excessive smoke, check for hard starting or rough running, and have a specialist evaluate the transmission and fuel system. Repairs can be much more expensive than those on a gasoline half-ton.

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11. Ram 2500: 2003–2007 with the 5.9-liter Cummins

The 5.9-liter Cummins-powered Ram 2500 is one of the most durable diesel pickup combinations, especially for buyers who value engine longevity and towing ability. The engine has extensive aftermarket and service support, and many examples have worked for years under demanding conditions.

The entire truck is not maintenance-free. Front-end and steering wear, automatic-transmission condition, rust, driveline vibration, brakes, and suspension can create major expenses even when the Cummins engine itself remains healthy. Prior aftermarket tuning is another major variable.

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Inspect steering play, ball joints, track-bar and front-end components, transmission engagement, four-wheel-drive operation, cooling-system condition, and evidence of overloaded trailers. A high-mileage truck with records and a stock drivetrain is generally a better bet than a low-mileage truck with missing history and extensive modifications.

12. Toyota Tacoma: 2016–2023 with the 3.5-liter V6

The third-generation Tacoma has a strong reputation and appears prominently in current reliability and longevity coverage. It is a sensible choice for buyers who want a newer midsize truck with modern safety and convenience features while retaining Toyota’s established pickup market presence.

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It ranks below the older Tacoma generations because newer electronics, greater drivetrain complexity, transmission calibration, and differences among model years create more variation. A newer vehicle also has less time to demonstrate the kind of extreme-mileage survival that supports the older trucks near the top of this list.

During a test drive, pay attention to automatic-transmission behavior, gear hunting, clutch engagement on manual trucks, driveline vibration, and unusual noises. Inspect the underbody for corrosion, check suspension modifications, and verify recall completion. Avoid assuming that a newer Tacoma is automatically a better reliability purchase than a well-maintained older one.

13. Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500: 2014–2018 with the 5.3-liter V8

These GM full-size trucks offer useful capability, a large service network, and generally strong value on the used market. The Silverado’s representation in high-mileage research supports including this generation, with the 5.3-liter V8 as the central configuration.

This entry requires more qualification than the simpler Toyota and Honda recommendations. Cylinder-deactivation-related wear concerns, transmission behavior, electrical faults, and inconsistent maintenance histories can make one truck substantially riskier than another with the same engine and mileage.

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Listen for abnormal valvetrain noise, check oil consumption, review oil-change records, and test the transmission when cold and warm. Scan for stored and pending codes, inspect the electrical system, and confirm that any software updates or recall work have been completed. A documented, mostly stock truck can be a good value; an abused fleet or tow vehicle should be priced with significant repair risk in mind.

14. Ford Ranger: 1998–2011 with the 2.3-liter four-cylinder

The compact Ranger’s strongest reliability case comes from the simple four-cylinder models rather than every engine and trim. It is inexpensive to repair, familiar to independent shops, and widely supported with replacement parts.

This is a particularly compelling choice when hauling and towing needs are modest. It is easier to park and generally cheaper to own than a full-size truck, but the small cabin and limited payload make it unsuitable for serious work.

Inspect the frame and body for rust, verify transmission service, and look for signs of abuse or neglected fleet use. Timing-belt or timing-chain requirements vary by engine, so confirm the exact engine and service schedule rather than relying on a generic Ranger maintenance chart. Check the cooling system, suspension, steering, and rear axle before purchase.

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15. Nissan Titan: 2004–2015 with the 5.6-liter V8

The first-generation Titan closes the ranking as a durable full-size alternative with a strong V8 and straightforward truck capability. It offers more power and room than a midsize pickup and can be an appealing value when comparable Toyota or Ford trucks command higher prices.

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It ranks below the better-documented Toyota, Honda, and older heavy-duty combinations because long-term evidence is less dominant and owner complaints vary more by component and model year. That does not make the Titan a poor truck; it means condition and service records need to do more of the convincing.

Inspect the differential, exhaust system, frame, brakes, suspension, transmission, and four-wheel-drive system. Verify recall completion and look for commercial abuse, repeated towing, aftermarket tuning, and neglected fluid changes. A stock example with a documented history is the one to pursue.

Why the current Tundra and Tacoma are not automatically at the top

Earlier Toyota pickups have an excellent durability record, but that reputation should not be transferred automatically to a newly redesigned truck. Longevity studies reward vehicles that have already had time to accumulate very high mileage. A current-generation pickup has had fewer years to demonstrate that outcome.

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NHTSA records include engine-related recalls affecting specified 2022–2023 Tundra vehicles, along with later recall activity involving newer Toyota truck models. Those records do not prove that every newer Tundra or Tacoma is unreliable. They do show why recall status, model year, production configuration, and repair documentation matter. Check the VIN through the NHTSA recall lookup before buying; recall information changes and should be checked at the time of purchase.

A clean recall search is not a mechanical certification. It will not tell you whether a frame is structurally sound, whether a transmission is worn, or whether a truck has been overloaded.

How to buy one of these trucks without being fooled by the badge

  1. Get the VIN before arranging a serious inspection. Use the VIN to check open recalls and obtain a used truck vehicle history report if available. Review title branding, accident records, ownership changes, service entries, and registration locations. A history report is a records check, not proof of mechanical reliability.
  2. Inspect the structure first. Put the truck on a lift and examine the frame, crossmembers, cab mounts, bed supports, suspension mounting points, brake lines, fuel lines, and hitch. Surface rust and structural perforation are not the same thing, and fresh undercoating can conceal repairs or corrosion.
  3. Use an electronic scan as one part of the inspection. An OBD2 scanner for checking a used truck can reveal stored or pending diagnostic codes, readiness monitors that have recently been reset, and some emissions or sensor faults. It cannot detect structural rust, low compression, every transmission defect, or all mechanical problems. Do not treat a clean scan as a clean bill of health.
  4. Pay for an independent pre-purchase inspection. The seller’s mechanic has a potential conflict of interest. An independent pre-purchase truck inspection is especially worthwhile for an old diesel, a frame-prone Tacoma, a modified truck, or any pickup advertised as a tow vehicle. Ask the inspector to document corrosion with photographs and to identify leaks, play, cracking, modifications, and deferred maintenance.
  5. Match service records to the powertrain. Look for oil-change, coolant, transmission-fluid, differential, transfer-case, and brake-fluid records. Confirm timing-belt replacement where applicable, including the 4.7-liter Tundra and first-generation Ridgeline. For diesels, ask about injectors, fuel system, turbocharger plumbing, transmission service, and tuning.
  6. Test it cold and warm. A cold start can reveal battery, glow-plug, fuel, timing, or valvetrain problems. After the truck reaches operating temperature, check transmission shifts, cooling-system performance, idle quality, four-wheel-drive engagement, steering play, braking, and driveline vibration.
  7. Look for use-related damage. Lift kits, oversized tires, tuning, aftermarket wiring, trailer-brake equipment, heavy-duty hitches, bed damage, worn seat bolsters, high idle hours, and uneven tire wear can reveal commercial use or hard towing. Modifications are not automatically bad, but undocumented work increases uncertainty.
  8. Budget for age, not just purchase price. A reliable truck still needs tires, brakes, batteries, belts, hoses, suspension components, fluids, seals, and rust repair. Heavy-duty diesel parts and labor can be particularly expensive. Keep a repair reserve instead of spending the entire budget on the purchase.

For owners who intend to maintain an older truck themselves, a model-specific automotive repair manual can be useful, but it must match the truck’s model year, engine, transmission, and market. A generic manual may not cover the wiring, torque specifications, service intervals, or diagnostic procedures for the exact configuration.

Which reliable pickup is right for you?

  • For the strongest compact-truck durability case: Choose the 1995–2004 Tacoma with the 3.4-liter V6, provided the frame is sound. The 2005–2015 4.0-liter Tacoma is the more capable alternative, but frame inspection remains essential.
  • For a comfortable daily driver: Choose the 2006–2014 Ridgeline if moderate towing and payload are enough. It is a poor substitute for a heavy-duty truck but an excellent substitute for an SUV with occasional bed use.
  • For full-size gasoline capability: The 2000–2006 Tundra 4.7-liter V8 and 2007–2021 Tundra 5.7-liter V8 are the most direct Toyota choices. The GMT800 Silverado/Sierra and selected F-150 configurations offer broader parts availability and may cost less to buy.
  • For an affordable midsize alternative: The 2005–2019 Frontier with the 4.0-liter V6 is worth considering, especially in later, documented examples.
  • For serious towing: Look at the 7.3-liter Power Stroke Super Duty, early Duramax HD, or 5.9-liter Cummins Ram 2500. These are capable work trucks, but their age, maintenance costs, and prior tuning make a specialist inspection important.
  • For simple light-duty transportation: A four-cylinder Ranger may be the most economical choice if its smaller size and modest capability meet your needs.

Most reliable does not mean best at everything

A reliability ranking is not a ranking of ride quality, fuel economy, payload, towing capacity, safety technology, interior comfort, or purchase value. The first-generation Tacoma may be more durable than many larger trucks, but it cannot match a Super Duty’s towing capability. The Ridgeline may be a better commuter than an old diesel, but it is not designed for the same commercial workload. The Tundra 5.7 is a strong full-size choice, but its fuel and maintenance costs are higher than those of a compact pickup.

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The most useful conclusion is narrower: select the generation and engine that fit your work, then buy the best-maintained example you can verify. A historically durable model with a corroded frame, missing service records, or evidence of abuse is not a reliable purchase.

Final pre-purchase checklist

  • Record the VIN and check open recalls before negotiating.
  • Review title, accident, ownership, and service history.
  • Inspect the frame, crossmembers, brake lines, fuel lines, and suspension for corrosion.
  • Confirm timing-belt service where applicable.
  • Check oil, coolant, transmission fluid, differential fluid, and transfer-case service history.
  • Scan for stored and pending diagnostic trouble codes.
  • Test the truck cold and warm, including four-wheel drive and towing-related equipment.
  • Identify aftermarket tuning, lifts, oversized tires, commercial use, and overloaded-trailer evidence.
  • Pay for an independent inspection before buying, particularly with diesel and heavy-duty trucks.
  • Keep money in reserve for age-related repairs even if the truck passes inspection.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most reliable pickup truck of all time?

The first-generation Toyota Tundra with the 4.7-liter V8 is the strongest overall choice in this ranking. It combines a simple, mature drivetrain with strong high-mileage evidence. However, frame rust, timing-belt history, suspension wear, and neglected four-wheel-drive components can make an individual truck a poor purchase.

Is a Tacoma more reliable than a Tundra?

Choose the Tacoma when you want compact or midsize dimensions, off-road ability, and strong long-term durability. Choose the Tundra when you need a full-size cabin, more payload, or more towing capacity. The Tacoma is generally easier to run economically, while the Tundra costs more in fuel, tires, brakes, and other full-size-truck maintenance.

Is a high-mileage reliable pickup worth buying?

Not necessarily. Mileage is only one variable. Maintenance records, corrosion, towing history, modifications, climate, and the quality of previous repairs matter at least as much. A maintained 180,000-mile truck can be a better buy than a neglected 100,000-mile truck, but high mileage still requires a larger repair budget.

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Should I buy a current-generation Tundra or Tacoma for reliability?

Earlier Tundra and Tacoma generations have more demonstrated high-mileage history. Current redesigns have had less time to prove long-term durability, and NHTSA records include recalls affecting specified newer Toyota truck vehicles. That does not establish that every current truck is unreliable; it means buyers should check the exact VIN, model year, recalls, service records, and inspection results rather than relying on the older Toyota reputation.

The Bottom Line

The best evidence-led answer is not a single universally reliable badge. For a proven older gasoline pickup, the first-generation Toyota Tundra with the 4.7-liter V8 is the strongest overall pick, followed closely by the 1995–2004 Tacoma, the 2005–2015 Tacoma, and the first-generation Honda Ridgeline. For heavy towing, the 7.3-liter Power Stroke, early Duramax, and 5.9-liter Cummins combinations are compelling—but only when their old age, modifications, corrosion, and service history check out.

Buy the generation and engine, not just the nameplate. A professional inspection and documented maintenance history matter more than a low odometer reading.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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