California’s Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) rules were designed to change which new passenger vehicles automakers sell, not to make current owners give up gasoline cars. Their potential reach beyond California comes through a Clean Air Act provision that lets eligible states adopt identical California vehicle standards. But Congress disapproved the federal waiver rule for ACC II in June 2025, and California responded with emergency regulatory actions. The resulting legal and implementation questions mean the rules’ original 2035 trajectory should not be treated as a settled requirement in every state today.
What California’s clean-car rules were designed to do
California’s Advanced Clean Cars II program, or ACC II, is a set of regulations for new passenger vehicles. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted it in 2022 as the next phase of the state’s clean-car program. The regulations were designed to begin with model year 2026 vehicles and reach a requirement that 100% of new passenger-vehicle sales meet zero-emission standards by model year 2035.
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CARB describes ACC II as both strengthening standards for smog-forming pollutants and updating the state’s zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) regulation. EPA described the program as a coordinated package covering model years 2026 through 2035 and beyond. CARB’s description includes plug-in hybrids among vehicles that can meet its ZEV standards; “zero-emission” in this regulatory context should not be read as meaning every qualifying vehicle has to be a battery-electric car.
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| Program detail | What the official description establishes | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| Start | Designed to begin with model year 2026. | That every state currently enforces ACC II for that model year. |
| Endpoint | A 100% zero-emission new passenger-vehicle sales requirement by model year 2035 under the original program trajectory. | A guarantee that this endpoint remains enforceable everywhere after the 2025 federal action. |
| Vehicle scope | New passenger vehicles and their model years. | A requirement for current owners to scrap or stop driving gasoline vehicles, or proof that used gasoline vehicles will disappear. |
Why California rules can matter to buyers elsewhere
The Clean Air Act generally preempts states from setting their own new-motor-vehicle emissions standards. Section 177 provides a route for eligible states to adopt California standards for which a waiver has been granted. EPA explains that Section 177 standards must be identical to the relevant California standards. A state using this route does not create a different version of ACC II; the legal mechanism is adoption of the California standards.
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That is how a California program can potentially affect automakers’ new-vehicle requirements outside California. The rules are not simply a California sales restriction that automatically applies nationwide. Whether they affect a buyer in another state depends in part on that state’s adoption and the current legal status of the standards. The Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center maintains a state-level resource on adoption, but a definitive current state-by-state status after the 2025 federal action is not established here.
What “identical standards” means for a shopper
Section 177’s identity requirement concerns the standards a state adopts, not a promise that every dealer will have the same stock or that every buyer will face the same choices. It also does not, by itself, answer whether a particular state’s adoption remains operative after the federal action and subsequent state response. A shopper should distinguish the legal rule in a state from practical outcomes such as local inventory, available configurations, prices, and delivery timing; the rule endpoints alone do not establish those outcomes.
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What changed in 2025—and why the answer is unsettled
EPA granted California’s ACC II waiver in December 2024. In June 2025, Congress enacted Public Law 119-16, disapproving the EPA rule concerning that waiver. EPA characterized the congressional action as repealing the EV mandates. CARB’s regulatory materials, by contrast, describe the action as creating uncertainty and document emergency rules intended to keep vehicle certification workable while legal questions are addressed. Those are the respective agencies’ characterizations and responses; they do not, by themselves, settle every legal dispute or establish the present enforceability of the program in every state.
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| Date or period | Action | Why it matters to buyers |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | CARB adopted ACC II. | Established California’s original program design for later model years. |
| December 2024 | EPA granted California’s ACC II waiver. | The waiver was part of the legal framework for California’s standards and Section 177 adoption. |
| June 12, 2025 | Congress enacted Public Law 119-16 disapproving the EPA rule concerning the waiver; CARB also records the signing of Executive Order N-27-25. | Created a dispute over the waiver’s effect and prompted California’s response. |
| After the federal action | CARB documented emergency regulatory actions and uncertainty. | Buyers need current state and federal information rather than assuming the original schedule is unchanged. |
Can you still buy a gasoline car?
The original ACC II program addressed new-vehicle sales, not whether an individual owner could continue driving a gasoline car already on the road. It did not require current owners to surrender, scrap, or stop using their vehicles. Nor does the program description establish that used gasoline cars would vanish from sale.
For a new-car purchase, the careful answer is that the original California trajectory could affect which new vehicles manufacturers may sell in states that adopted identical California standards, but the 2025 federal action and California’s response make today’s state-specific legal position uncertain. No conclusion about a particular model, dealer, or state’s available inventory follows solely from the 2026 start or 2035 endpoint. Check the rules that currently apply where the vehicle will be sold and registered.
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Which states follow California’s standards?
Eligible states can adopt California standards through Section 177, and DOE’s Alternative Fuels Data Center provides a state-level adoption resource. However, a definitive, current list of states enforcing ACC II after Public Law 119-16, CARB’s emergency actions, and litigation is not established. A list of past adopters should not be treated automatically as a list of states with settled present-day ACC II enforcement.
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- Identify the state that matters. Start with the state where you expect to buy and register the vehicle; do not assume California’s rules apply just because a car is shipped from, advertised in, or built for another market.
- Check the state’s environmental or motor-vehicle regulator. Look for current notices on California vehicle standards, ACC II, Section 177, or vehicle certification. Confirm the date and whether the page addresses the current model year.
- Review the federal status. Consult EPA’s current material on California waivers and authorizations, including any developments after Congress’s 2025 action.
- Use DOE’s state adoption resource as a starting point, not a final legal determination. If its information does not address the federal action or later state rules, seek a current statement from the relevant state agency.
- Ask the dealer about the specific vehicle and transaction. Confirm which model year and configuration are available, whether it can be sold and registered in your state, and whether the answer is based on current state requirements. Get material restrictions or conditions in writing.
For a consequential or disputed transaction, a state regulator or qualified legal professional is a more appropriate source than a general summary. Dealer inventory and registration guidance can clarify logistics, but they are not a definitive ruling on the law.
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What this means for your car-buying decision
ACC II’s original dates describe a regulatory target, not a forecast of a specific buyer’s price, savings, choice of powertrain, or local supply. The rules alone do not establish that a given model will become unavailable or cost more. Evaluate a purchase using the actual vehicle and state requirements rather than inferring market outcomes from the 2035 target.
If you are choosing between powertrains
Compare the vehicles you can actually buy in your location, including purchase price and any incentives for which you qualify, the available powertrain, your access to charging, and your daily and longer-distance driving needs. The rules do not guarantee a particular incentive or make one powertrain the right choice for every driver. Plug-in hybrids are included in CARB’s description of vehicles that can meet ZEV standards, so do not assume the original program’s qualifying category meant battery-electric vehicles only.
If you plan to keep your current car
The rules described here target new-vehicle sales and model years. They are not a directive to replace an existing gasoline car. If you are considering a used vehicle, the original ACC II trajectory does not establish that used gasoline cars are prohibited or that the used market will disappear.
If you want to wait for more certainty
Waiting may make sense if your purchase depends on a particular new model, state eligibility, or registration outcome that you cannot confirm today. But the program timeline by itself cannot tell you what a dealer will stock or what a vehicle will cost later. Check for updated agency information close to the transaction, especially if the sale or registration is near a regulatory or model-year change.
Common assumptions to avoid
- “The 2035 date means every new car everywhere must be electric.” The original target concerns zero-emission standards for new passenger-vehicle sales in the California program, and CARB includes plug-in hybrids in its description. Its reach elsewhere depends on legal adoption and the unsettled consequences of the 2025 action.
- “My gas car will become illegal to drive.” The program described here concerns new vehicles; it does not require current owners to scrap or stop driving existing gasoline vehicles.
- “Every state that once adopted California standards is definitely enforcing ACC II now.” The current post-2025 status is not established state by state here. Adoption history is not enough to resolve present enforcement.
- “The rules guarantee a specific car will disappear, cost more, or be unavailable at my dealer.” The regulatory endpoints do not establish actual sales, prices, savings, or inventory.
The practical answer for buyers outside California
California’s clean-car rules can matter beyond California because Section 177 lets eligible states adopt identical California standards. ACC II was designed to shape new passenger-vehicle sales from model year 2026 toward a 100% zero-emission sales requirement by model year 2035. But Congress’s June 2025 disapproval of the waiver rule, California’s emergency response, and unresolved legal questions mean that original trajectory is not a settled, uniform rule for every state today. For a purchase decision, verify the current position with your state regulator and EPA, then confirm the specific vehicle’s sale and registration status with the dealer.
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